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    第三部分：阅读理解（共20题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）
    阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
    From age eight to eleven, I attended a small school in Bath, England. It was a small school of four classes with about twenty-five children in each class according to age. For the most part, one teacher had to teach all subjects to the children in the class. However, sometimes the headmaster, Mr. Ronald Broaches, would come in and spend an hour or so, teaching some subjects in which he was especially interested. He was a large man with a very happy nature. He had a sense of humor and would delight in telling the children small stories that would make us laugh. He was a very fair man and had a great influence on many of the children. In my own case, I found that he took great interest in me and he quickly found that I enjoyed puzzles. He would often stop me as I was going to class and take a piece of paper out of his pocket, often with a puzzle already on it. The puzzles were usually mathematical or logical. As time went on, they slowly got more difficult, but I loved them. Not only that, they made me interested in math and problem solving that stays with me to this day. They also served to show me that intellectual activity was rewarding when the correct answers were found, but perhaps more importantly it was great fun. To this day, I can remember Mr. Broaches’ cheerful cry of “Well done!” whenever I got a problem right. The simple communication with a man whom I loved greatly has had a deep influence on my life. I shall forever be thankful that our paths crossed. Mr. Broaches died just two weeks after I had won the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Unluckily, I had no chance to speak to him before he died. I learnt later that he had heard of my success and I will always hope that he knew the deep influence he had made on my life.
    56. There were ________ children in each class when Richard was in     the school in Bath, England.
    A. 4          B. 8        C. 11              D. 25
    57. From the text, we can learn that ___________.
    A. the puzzles made the students laugh
    B. the students were afraid of the headmaster
    C. the puzzles made Richard enjoy math
    D. the headmaster never taught in the school
    58. The writer felt sorry because __________.
    A. Mr. Broaches had passed away before he won the Nobel Prize
    B. he didn’t express his thanks before Mr. Broaches died
    C. he couldn’t find Mr. Broaches after he grew up
    D. Mr. Broaches didn’t know his success
    59. What is the best title（标题）for the text ?
    A. The Story of Mr. Broaches.
    B. The Story of Richard J. Roberts.
    C. My Early School Life.
    D. An Important Teacher in My Life.

    【小题1】D
    【小题2】C
    【小题3】B
    【小题4】D解析:
             
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    科目：初中物理 来源： 题型：阅读理解

    阅读下面的现代文，完成文后各题
    与植物相处
    李汉荣
    ①不管如何，与人相处多了也会有烦的时候。即使孔夫子在世，天天接受他老人家的教导，恐怕有时候也想请假两天在家里闭门思过，享受独处的宁静。即使李白在月光下复活，与他三五天喝醉一次是可以的，甚至是“不亦快哉”的，但如果日日狂饮，夜夜醉倒，不仅诗写不出来，还会喝垮了身体。“圣人”和“诗仙”尚且如此，何况世上并非都是你喜欢和热爱的人，产生“烦”甚至更不好的情绪就难免了。
    ②宠物大约就是由此“宠”起来的，人们养猫、养狗、养鸟，养一些可爱温训的动物，动机之一恐怕就是想适度地拉开与“同类”的距离，而在与“异类”的相处中感受一种无忧的情趣。与这些动物相处，人可以回复到一种简单的心境，不必戒备和算计，也不必那么多的礼节，更不用点头哈腰献媚讨好。这一切都免了，动物不欣赏人类的文化，你只要喜欢它，它就给你回报：猫就偎在你的怀里，狗就向你撒娇，鸟就向你唱歌。在简单、纯洁的动物面前，人也变得简单、纯洁了，人就有了从容、宁静、无邪的心境，领略生命与生命交流的喜悦。
    ③但是人能与之相处的动物的种类还是太少了，宠物是人精心选择知驯化了的。人不能和狼相处，麻雀好像压根儿不想与人类建立什么亲近的关系，它们只喜欢给人类制造一些小麻烦。人更无法考虑与虎、豹子等凶猛的动物相处，只能在动物园里隔着铁栅栏远远地欣赏它们的英姿。
    ④这样，我们就格外思念大自然中的植物了。于是我来到植物们面前，它们是我的老师和朋友。
    ⑤这泛绿的青草可是从白居易的诗里生长出来?蒙蒙细雨里，我几步就走进了唐朝，隐约间仿佛看见了李商隐、王维们的背影，青草绿了他们的诗，绿了古中国的记忆。我看见了车前草，还是在《诗经》里那么优美地摇曳着。狗尾巴草，那么天真地守在路边，谁家的狗丢了尾巴?遍地好看的狗尾巴，令千年万载的孩子们想找到那一定很好看的狗。三叶草，三片叶子指着三个方向，哪一个方向都通向蝴蝶的翅膀。趁我伏在泉边喝水的时候，野百合悄悄地开了。洁白的手在风里打着手势，似乎谢绝与我相握，它嫌我的手太粗糙，嫌我的气息太浑浊?太阳花开了，这么灿烂的笑，我看见太阳的颜色了，我比天文学家看得清楚，我不用到天上去看，太阳的亲生女儿全都告诉我了。
    ⑥茉莉、菊、栀子、玫瑰……轻轻地叫一声它们的名字，就感到灵魂里生出温柔、芬芳的气息。是的，许多植物的名字太美了，美得你不忍心大声呼叫它们。含着感情轻轻叫一声玉兰，那洁白如玉的花瓣会洒落你一身，你便感到这个春天的爱情又纯洁又慷慨。静静地守在昙花旁边，不要为天上的星月缭乱了视线，注视它吧，它漫长的一生里只有这一个灿烂的瞬间。竹子正直地生长着；芭蕉粗中有细，准确地捕捉了风的动静；仙人掌握着满把孤独，又用一手的刺拒绝轻薄的同情；一不留神，青藤就爬上了绝壁；野草莓想走遍厦天，却被一条蛮不讲理的溪水挡住了去路。我也被挡住了去路，于是就躺下来。一觉醒来，野草莓包围了我，多亏不远处松林里那五颜六色的蘑菇向我不停地递眼神，让我看见一条通向远方的幽径，否则，我怎么能走出这温柔而芬芳的围困?。
    ⑦有一小块自己的庄稼地多好啊!看一会儿书种一会儿庄稼，写一首诗侍弄一会儿花草。书里的思想抖落进泥土，会开出奇异的花；泥土的气息漫进诗，诗会有终年不散的充沛的春墒。看青翠挺拔的玉米怎样抱起自己心爱的娃娃，看聪明的辣椒怎样在寒冷的土里找到一把一把的火，看豆荚躺在小床上如何构思，看韭菜排列得那么整齐，像杜甫的五律……
    ⑧与植物呆在一起，人会变得诚实、善良、温柔并懂得知恩必报。世上没有虚伪的植物，没有邪恶的植物，没有懒惰的植物。植物开花不是为了炫耀自己，它是为自己开的，无意中把你的眼睛照亮了。植物终生都在工作，即使埋在土里，它也不会忘记自己的责任。你无意洒落一滴水，植物来年会回报你一朵花。没有谁告诉它生活的哲学，植物的哲学导师是深沉的土地。
    【小题1】文章标题是“与植物相处”，可作者在第②③段写与宠物相处，请说说这两段在文中的作用。(4分)
    【小题2】第⑤段中“青草绿了他们的诗，绿了古中国的记忆”一句有什么含义?请作简要阐释。(4分)
    【小题3】第⑥段划线部分在表达上有什么特色?请简要分析。(6分)
    【小题4】作者说“不管如何，与人相处多了也会有烦的时候”，请结合对文中植物“生活哲学”的理解，谈谈怎样才能更好地与人相处?(份)

    查看答案和解析>>

    科目：初中物理 来源： 题型：阅读理解



    第三部分：阅读理解（共20题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）
    阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
    From age eight to eleven, I attended a small school in Bath, England. It was a small school of four classes with about twenty-five children in each class according to age. For the most part, one teacher had to teach all subjects to the children in the class. However, sometimes the headmaster, Mr. Ronald Broaches, would come in and spend an hour or so, teaching some subjects in which he was especially interested. He was a large man with a very happy nature. He had a sense of humor and would delight in telling the children small stories that would make us laugh. He was a very fair man and had a great influence on many of the children. In my own case, I found that he took great interest in me and he quickly found that I enjoyed puzzles. He would often stop me as I was going to class and take a piece of paper out of his pocket, often with a puzzle already on it. The puzzles were usually mathematical or logical. As time went on, they slowly got more difficult, but I loved them. Not only that, they made me interested in math and problem solving that stays with me to this day. They also served to show me that intellectual activity was rewarding when the correct answers were found, but perhaps more importantly it was great fun. To this day, I can remember Mr. Broaches’ cheerful cry of “Well done!” whenever I got a problem right. The simple communication with a man whom I loved greatly has had a deep influence on my life. I shall forever be thankful that our paths crossed. Mr. Broaches died just two weeks after I had won the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Unluckily, I had no chance to speak to him before he died. I learnt later that he had heard of my success and I will always hope that he knew the deep influence he had made on my life.
    56. There were ________ children in each class when Richard was in     the school in Bath, England.
    A. 4          B. 8        C. 11              D. 25
    57. From the text, we can learn that ___________.
    A. the puzzles made the students laugh
    B. the students were afraid of the headmaster
    C. the puzzles made Richard enjoy math
    D. the headmaster never taught in the school
    58. The writer felt sorry because __________.
    A. Mr. Broaches had passed away before he won the Nobel Prize
    B. he didn’t express his thanks before Mr. Broaches died
    C. he couldn’t find Mr. Broaches after he grew up
    D. Mr. Broaches didn’t know his success
    59. What is the best title（标题）for the text ?
    A. The Story of Mr. Broaches.
    B. The Story of Richard J. Roberts.
    C. My Early School Life.
    D. An Important Teacher in My Life.

    查看答案和解析>>

    科目：初中物理 来源： 题型：阅读理解



    第三部分：阅读理解（共20题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）
    阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
    From age eight to eleven, I attended a small school in Bath, England. It was a small school of four classes with about twenty-five children in each class according to age. For the most part, one teacher had to teach all subjects to the children in the class. However, sometimes the headmaster, Mr. Ronald Broaches, would come in and spend an hour or so, teaching some subjects in which he was especially interested. He was a large man with a very happy nature. He had a sense of humor and would delight in telling the children small stories that would make us laugh. He was a very fair man and had a great influence on many of the children. In my own case, I found that he took great interest in me and he quickly found that I enjoyed puzzles. He would often stop me as I was going to class and take a piece of paper out of his pocket, often with a puzzle already on it. The puzzles were usually mathematical or logical. As time went on, they slowly got more difficult, but I loved them. Not only that, they made me interested in math and problem solving that stays with me to this day. They also served to show me that intellectual activity was rewarding when the correct answers were found, but perhaps more importantly it was great fun. To this day, I can remember Mr. Broaches’ cheerful cry of “Well done!” whenever I got a problem right. The simple communication with a man whom I loved greatly has had a deep influence on my life. I shall forever be thankful that our paths crossed. Mr. Broaches died just two weeks after I had won the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Unluckily, I had no chance to speak to him before he died. I learnt later that he had heard of my success and I will always hope that he knew the deep influence he had made on my life.
    56. There were ________ children in each class when Richard was in     the school in Bath, England.
    A. 4          B. 8        C. 11              D. 25
    57. From the text, we can learn that ___________.
    A. the puzzles made the students laugh
    B. the students were afraid of the headmaster
    C. the puzzles made Richard enjoy math
    D. the headmaster never taught in the school
    58. The writer felt sorry because __________.
    A. Mr. Broaches had passed away before he won the Nobel Prize
    B. he didn’t express his thanks before Mr. Broaches died
    C. he couldn’t find Mr. Broaches after he grew up
    D. Mr. Broaches didn’t know his success
    59. What is the best title（标题）for the text ?
    A. The Story of Mr. Broaches.
    B. The Story of Richard J. Roberts.
    C. My Early School Life.
    D. An Important Teacher in My Life.

    查看答案和解析>>

    科目：初中物理 来源： 题型：阅读理解

    摘要：本文分析了如何挖掘物理题中隐含条件的途径和方法。并对物理学试题题型进行归类、例举和解析。学生要解好物理题，必须要有扎实的物理知识和相关学科的知识，综合分析和解决问题的能力。因此，在物理教学过程中要注重提高学生的解题能力，加强对解题方法的教学。

    关键词：隐含条件　物理学　解题能力

    学习在解物理习题时，经常会遇到这种情况，有些解题的必要条件，题中并为明确给出，而是隐含在字里行间。充分挖掘隐含条件，明确题目要求，采用合适方法，选择正确答案，是解好这类题的关键。本文就如何挖掘试题中的隐含条件，提高解题能力作一例析。

    一、从关键词中挖掘隐含条件

    在物理题中，常见的关键用语有：表现为极值条件的用语，如“最大”、“最小”、“至少”、“刚好”等，它们均隐含着某些物理量可取特殊值；表现为理想化模型的用语，如“理想滑轮”、“轻质杠杆”、“光滑水平面”等，扣住关键用语，挖掘隐含条件，能使解题灵感顿生。

    例1 一个物体在平衡力的作用下，在光滑水平面上做匀速直线运动，当这对平衡力突然消失，则物体将（　）

    A．立刻停止运动

    B．运动速度越来越快

    C．速度减慢，最后停止

    D．仍作匀速直线运动

    解析：题中“光滑水平面”为关键词。光滑水平面意味着物体不受摩擦力的作用。题目中的物体待平衡力消失后，将不再受力的作用，因此仍要保持匀速直线运动（牛顿第一定律）。

    答案：D

    二、从物理学常识中找隐含条件

    有些题目几乎没有条件，但仔细研究就会发现条件其实全部隐含于物理常识中，这就要求学生根据题意进行发散性思维，努力挖掘相关知识，在条件不足的情况下，根据常识假设适当的条件和数据以弥补题中明确给出的已知条件的不足。

    例2 一个中学生对地面的压强大约是（　）

    A．10Pa   B．100Pa   C．1000Pa     D．10000Pa

    解析：此题隐含条件有两个，一是中学生的体重约为50kg，二是中学生双脚底面积约为5dm2，而这两个条件都非常隐蔽，属于物理学常识，只要明确了这两点，不难得出正确答案D。

    三、从物理学发展史中寻找隐含条件

    这类试题一般涉及对物理学研究有贡献的科学家、科研成果和历史进程等，增加了学生的爱国情感，有利于培养学生的高尚情操，激起学生学习生物学知识的远大理想。

    例3 发电机和电动机的发明使人类步入电气化时代，制造发电机的主要依据是电磁感应现象，首先发现电磁感应现象的是（　）

    A．爱因斯坦

    B．帕斯卡

    C．奥斯特

    D．法拉第

    解析：知道这些科学家的研究成果和对社会的巨大贡献，很快就能准确地选出正确答案D。

    四、从物理现象的出现条件中寻找隐含条件

    一定的物理现象的出现，是以具备一定的条件为前提的，当知道什么条件具备时可出现什么现象后，一旦题目给出某种现象，马上可以找出相应的隐含条件。

    例4 我国“远望号”卫星测控船从江阴出发执行任务，由长江进入海洋。下列有关测控船所受浮力的说法正确的是（　）

    A．由于海水的密度大，所以船在海洋力受到的浮力大

    B．由于船排开海水的体积小，所以它在海洋里受到的浮力小

    C．由于船排开的海水的体积大，所以它在海洋力受到的浮力大

    D．由于船始终漂浮在水面上，所以它受到的浮力不变

    解析：“一个物体漂浮在液面上……”，出现这种现象的条件是物体所受浮力等于物重，所以隐含条件是物体受到的浮力等于重力。

    答案：D

    例5 放在水平常木板上重10N的木块，受到水平向右，大小为5N的拉力作用，沿水平方向做匀速直线运动，这时木板水平方向受的合力为_______N。当拉力增大到8N时，木块受到的合力为_______N。

    解析：“一个物体匀速运动……”要出现这种现象，前提条件是物体必须不受力或受平衡力作用，所以隐含条件为：物体不受力或受平衡力作用。

    答案：0；3

    五、从物理概念、物理原理中寻找隐含条件

    有些物理学问题、现象、判断等条件隐含于相关的概念和原理中，或是命题时有意混淆概念，偷换概念，要求学生对概念掌握准确，理解要透彻。

    例6 晴天，几位大学生在森林中迷路了，下面四种利用风向引导他们走出森林的说法中，正确的是_______（图中虚线为空气流动形成风的路径示意图）

    A．森林吸热，温度升高慢，空气温度低、密度大，地面空气从森林流向外界，应顺风走

    B．土地吸热，温度升高快，空气温度高、密度小，地面空气从外界流向森林，应顺风走

    C．森林吸热，温度升高慢，空气温度低、密度大，地面空气从森林流向外界，应迎风走

    D．土地吸热，温度升高快，空气温度高、密度小，地面空气从外界流向森林，应迎风走

    解析：本题中隐含了比热容的概念。物体的比热容越大，吸收热量后温度变化越小。

    土地的比热容大，吸热后温度升高较快，空气温度高。热空气因密度小而向上升，地面空气从森林流向外界，应顺风走。

    答案：A

    六、数学关系之中寻找隐含条件

    正确的示意图不仅能帮助我们理解题意、启发思路，而且还能通过数学关系找出题中的隐含条件。这种方法不仅在几何光学中有较多的应用，而且在其它物理问题中也经常应用。

    例7 有一均匀正方体对水平地面的压力是F，压强是P，如下图所示。若切去阴影部分，则剩余部分对地面的压力是原来的_______倍，压强是原来的_______倍。

    解析：该题的条件隐含在数学关系之中，解题的关键要建立物理模型的空间想象力。切去部分的正方体边长为a/2，体积为V/8。切去阴影部分后，其质量为7/8m，底部受力面积为3/4S，剩余部分压强为P’＝m/S＝7/6P，压力为F’＝Ps＝7/8F。

    答案：7/8；7/6

    七、从图形、图表与曲线关系中寻找隐含条件

    图示是贮存和传递科学文化知识比较便捷的一条途径，它能够高度浓缩物理学的基本概念及原理，使之更加形象、直观。试题图文并茂，生动活泼，但图表曲线中隐含了相当多的没有叙述和未提及的条件，解题时结合题设条件分析图形，从图形中挖掘隐含条件，才能正确作答，较好地培养学生的观察和分析问题的能力。

    例8 在如图所示的各图中，关于磁场的描述和小磁针表示正确的是（　）

    解析：这是一道集概念、实验和理论于一体的图形选择题，要求学生明确磁场的概念、磁场方向及磁场方向的规定等情况，这样才可选出正确答案为B。

    八、从实验的器材、操作过程或结果中寻找隐含条件

    在理论试题中，也有相当多的题干条件看似不足，其实隐含在实验器材、操作步骤和实验结果之中，要求学生根据已有知识，挖掘这些隐含条件，从而得出正确答案，这有利于考查学生的实验操作技能，有利于培养学生的创新精神和实践能力。

    例9 如图所示电路，图中1、2、3表示电流表或电压表，请填上各表电路符号．并标出正、负接线柱的位置。

    解析：判断电表的类型，需了解器材的使用规则。电流表要串联接入电路，电压表要并联接入电路。判断时，可假设将改表处断开，凡对电路结构有影响的是电流表，没有影响的是电压表。答案如上图。

    九、选择合适的方法

    确定解题思路，根据题型特点，充分理解题意。采用合适方法，能很好地提高解题能力，常用的物理方法有控制变量法、等效法、转换法、数据归纳法等。

    例10 下表列出由实验测定的几种物质的比热容。认真阅读，你一定会有所发现，请填出任意三条：

    水4． 2×103

    冰 2．1×103

    铝 0．88×103

    钢铁 0．46×103

    酒精 2．4×103

    蓖麻油1．8×103

    干泥土0．8×103

    水银0．14×103

    煤油2．1×103

    砂石0．92×103

    铜0．39×103

    铅0．13×103

    （1）________________________________________；

    （2）________________________________________；

    （3）________________________________________。

    解析：给表找规律时一般采用比较分析，综合分析的方法，即可找一般规律如某种变大或变小的趋势，共性等，也可找特殊规律。此表中12种物质除煤油和冰比热相同外，其他不同。说明不同物质得比热一般不同，这是共性。但冰和煤油不同物质比热相同这是特殊性质。水、冰同种物质，状态不同，比热容也不同。且可将物质分为金属、非金属进行比较。还可找比热容最大的、最小的。

    例11 用实验研究决定电阻大小的因素，供选择的导体规格如下表:

    材料

    编号

    长度（m）

    横截面积（mm）2

    镍铬合金

    ①

    1

    0．5

    ②

    1．5

    0．5

    锰铜

    ③

    1

    0．5

    ④

    1．5

    1

    ①要比较电阻与长度的关系应选择导线：_______________________；

    ②要比较电阻与横截面积的关系应选择导线：_______________________；

    ③要比较电阻与材料的关系应选择导线：_______________________。

    解析：本题中导体的电阻与导体的长度、材料、横截面积三个物理量有关，要探究它们之间的关系，要采用“控制变量法”。要验证猜想一，就要取不同的长度，相同材料和横截面积的导线，所以应选序号1、2，同理可选出另两个猜想的序号。

    答案：（1）1、2；（2）3、4；（3）1、3

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