【题目】 It's common knowledge that the woman in Leonardo da Vinci's most famous painting seems to look back at observers (观察者), following them with her eyes no matter where they stand in the room. But this common knowledge turns out wrong.
A new study finds that the woman in the painting is actually looking out at an angle (角度) that's 15.4 degrees off to the observer's right-well outside of the range that people normally believe when they think someone is looking right at them. In other words, said the study author, Horstmann, "She's not looking at you." This is somewhat ironic, because the entire phenomenon of a person's gaze (凝视) in a photograph or painting seeming to follow the viewer is called the "Mona Lisa effect (效应)". That effect is absolutely real, Horstmann said. If a person is illustrated or photographed looking straight ahead, even people viewing the portrait from an angle will feel they are being looked at. As long as the angle of the person's gaze is no more than about 5 degrees off to either side, the Mona Lisa effect occurs.
This is important for human interaction with on screen characters. If you want someone off to the right side of a room to feel that a person on-screen is looking at him or her, you don't cut the gaze of the character to that side-surprisingly, doing so would make an observer feel like the character isn't looking at anyone in the room at all. Instead, you keep the gaze straight ahead.
Horstmann and his co-author were studying this effect for its application in the creation of artificial-intelligence avatars (虚拟头像) when Horstmann took a long look at the "Mona Lisa" and realized she wasn't looking at him.
To make sure it wasn't just him, the researchers asked 24 people to view images of the "Mona Lisa" on a computer screen. They set a ruler between the viewer and the screen and asked the participants to note which number on the ruler intersected (横切) Mona Lisa's gaze. To calculate (估测) the angle of Mona Lisa's gaze as she looked at the viewer, they moved the ruler farther from or closer to the screen during the study. Consistently, the researchers found, participants judged that the woman in the "Mona Lisa" portrait was not looking straight at them, but slightly off to their right.
So why do people repeat the belief that her eyes seem to follow the viewer? Horstmann isn't sure. It's possible, he said, that people have the desire to be looked at, so they think the woman is looking straight at them. Or maybe the people who first created the term "Mona Lisa effect" just thought it was a cool name.
【1】It is generally believed that the woman in the painting "Mona Lisa"
A.attracts the viewers to look backB.looks at the viewers wherever they stand
C.fixes her eyes on the back of the viewersD.seems mysterious because of her eyes
【2】The purpose of the experiment involving 24 people was to _________.
A.calculate the angle of Mona Lisa's gazeB.create artificial-intelligence avatars
C.make sure Horstmann's belief is rightD.explain how the Mona Lisa effect can be applied
【3】What gaze range in a painting will cause the Mona Lisa effect?
A.
B.
C.
D.
【4】What can we learn from the passage?
A.Horstmann thinks it's cool to create the term "Mona Lisa effect".
B.The Mona Lisa effect contributes to the creation of artificial intelligence.
C.The position of the ruler in the experiment will influence the viewers' judgement.
D.Feeling being gazed at by Mona Lisa may be caused by the desire for attention.
【答案】
【1】B
【2】C
【3】B
【4】D
【解析】
本篇文章难度适中，主要讲述蒙娜丽萨效应，并且霍斯特曼通过实验论证得出：被蒙娜丽莎凝视的感觉可能是因为渴望被关注。
【1】细节理解题。根据It's common knowledge that the woman in Leonardo da Vinci's most famous painting seems to look back at observers (观察者), following them with her eyes no matter where they stand in the room“众所周知，在莱昂纳多·达·芬奇最著名的画作中，这位女性似乎在回望着观察者，无论他们站在房间的什么地方，她的眼睛都会跟着他们”可知，无论观众站在哪里，都在看着观众。故选B。
【2】推理判断题。根据Horstmann and his co-author were studying this effect for its application in the creation of artificial-intelligence avatars (虚拟头像) when Horstmann took a long look at the "Mona Lisa" and realized she wasn't looking at him“当霍斯特曼长时间地看着《蒙娜丽莎》，意识到她不是在看他。霍斯特曼和他的合著者正在研究这种效应，以便将其应用于虚拟头像的创造”以及To make sure it wasn't just him, the researchers asked 24 people to view images of the "Mona Lisa" on a computer screen“为了确定不只是他，研究人员让24个人在电脑屏幕上观看“蒙娜丽莎”的图像”可知，确保霍斯特曼的信念是正确的。故选C。
【3】细节理解题。根据As long as the angle of the person's gaze is no more than about 5 degrees off to either side, the Mona Lisa effect occurs“只要这个人的凝视角度两边不超过5度左右，就会出现蒙娜丽莎效应”可知，故选B。
【4】推理判断题。根据It's possible, he said, that people have the desire to be looked at, so they think the woman is looking straight at them. Or maybe the people who first created the term "Mona Lisa effect" just thought it was a cool name“他说，可能是因为人们希望被人注视，所以他们认为那个女人在直视他们。或者是那些第一个创造“蒙娜丽莎效应”的人认为这是个很酷的名字”可知，被蒙娜丽莎凝视的感觉可能是因为渴望被关注。故选D。
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【题目】Books Bring Success
|
People growing with more books are more likely to be successful. |
According to German novelist Heinrich Mann, a house without books is like a room without windows. Mann simply stated the value of books, but some researchers have found evidence that people with books in their homes really do gain a window on the world.
A new study in the journal Social Science Research, published in October, suggests that people who grow up with more books are more likely to have educational advantages, and to achieve more in life, than people who grow up without them.
In the study, over 160,000 adults from 31 countries and regions were asked about the number of books there were in their homes when they were 16 years old. They were then given tests in literacy (读写能力), numeracy (计算能力) and information communication technology.
The research shows that the number of books for each household varies greatly from country to country. For example, the number of books is 27 in Turkey, 143 in the UK and 218 in Estonia. But “the total effects of home library size on literacy are large everywhere”.
The researchers found that people who had only lower levels of secondary education but had a large number of books at home got a similar score as university graduates who grew up with only a few books.
The Guardian newspaper commented that “bookish adolescence makes for a good deal of educational advantage.”
“Adolescent exposure to books can compensate for shortcomings not only in adult literacy but also numeracy: its impacts are equal to additional years of education,” Sikora told Science Alert.
Apart from the educational benefits, growing up with more books also plays an important role in adult success.
Through analyzing their personal information, researchers found that people surrounded by books in adolescence are on average more successful in adulthood than those who had only few books at a younger age.
“Early exposure to books in the parental home matters because books are an basic part of routines and practices that enrich lifelong cognitive competencies (认知能力)”, Sikora told Science Alert. These competencies are important to future development.
Without doubt, the fact that we are moving toward a digital era could weaken the importance of printed books. For now, however, “they still seem to maintain quite a large positive benefit, which shows no sign of abating (减弱)”, researchers wrote in the paper.
【1】What’s the study mainly about?
A. Reading habits of different countries.
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【2】How many books do an average British family own, according to the study?
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a. havebetterliteracy
b. achievemorein adulthood
c.havebettercommunication skills
d.achievemorepleasant personalities
A. acB. bcC. cdD. ab
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【题目】
Some people claim they “never forget a face”. But what does that saying mean? Is there really no limit to the number of faces a person can remember? A new study at the University of York in England has found that, on average, people can remember as many as 5,000 faces.
The study is the first time that scientists have been able to put a number to the abilities of humans to recognize faces. The research team tested people on how many faces they could remember from their personal lives and in the media. They also tested them to see how many famous faces they recognized. Rob Jenkins works in the psychology department at the University of York. He said the researchers’ study centered on the number of faces people actually know. He said the researchers were not able to discover whether there is a limit on how many faces the brain can handle.
In the study, people spent one hour writing down as many faces from their personal lives as possible. At first, they found it easy to come up with many faces. But by the end of the hour, they found it harder to think of new ones. Their change in speed let the researchers estimate when they would have run out of faces completely.
The results showed that these people knew between 1,000 and 10,000 faces. Jenkins explained that some people may have a natural ability for remembering faces. “There are differences in how much attention people pay to faces and how well they process the information,” he said. Jenkins also said it could be because of different social environments. Some people may have grown up in more populated places. Therefore, they may have had more social contact throughout their lives.
The people in the study included 25 men and women between 18 and 61 years old. Researchers think age may be an interesting area for further research. “It would be interesting to see whether there is a peak age for the number of faces we know”, Jenkins said. He said it is possible that we gather more faces throughout our lifetime. But, he added, there also may he an age at which we start to find it harder to remember all of those faces.
The study suggests our facial recognition abilities enable us to deal with the many different faces we see on the screens, as well as those we know, like family and friends. Today, facial recognition technology is used in many ways, including by law enforcement agencies to prevent crime and violence. Governments use it to keep secret areas secure and, in extreme cases, control populations. Even Facebook uses facial recognition. For example, when you “tag” or name a friend, Facebook technology may recognize the person’s face from a different picture you had shared before.
【1】The study at the University of York centers on ________.
A.how different people’s faces are
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D.Facial recognition technology can improve social contact greatly.
【3】What does Rob Jenkins probably agree?
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D.People from a place with a large population may know more faces.
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B.To tell us how facial recognition helps humans.
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