完型

　　Everyone knows that smoking is no good for health, but still more and more people begin to smoke．Every year about millions of smokers die from 　　1　　．Most of the smokers are men．But more and more 　　2　　 also begin to smoke．The number of smokers is becoming larger and larger each year．Every year the government has to spend lots of money 　　3　　 the people with illness caused by smoking, 　　4　　 it also has to pay lots of money for the great loss in the 　　5　　 caused by smoking．So the government wants people to give up smoking, but the tobacco companies want more young people, even students in middle school, to 　　6　　 because they want to make more money from tobacco sales．

　　Why do many smokers find it hard to give up smoking?The 　　7　　 with tobacco is that it has a drug called nicotine inside．It is the drug that gets them into the habit of smoking and makes them find it 　　8　　 to stop．

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阅读理解：

Can You Make Short Phone Calls?

　　Phones are very useful to us, and we can’t work without them．But phones also bring troubles．For example, a friend wants to tell you his or her latest health problem on the phone．You are very busy, so you have to cut your friend off．What will you say?

　　When you answer a call, don’t ask questions like “How are things?” because these questions will make them think that you have time to talk longer．After “hello,” get right to the heart of the matter you want to say．

　　When you make a call, you should call at the right time．If you call right before lunch or dinner, or at the end of the work day, people will not talk too much．

　　When you call someone and do not want to talk longer, you may start with, “Hi, I’ve only got a few minutes, but I want to talk to you about…” or, “I’d like to talk more, but I only have a few minutes before I have to go．”

　　If you don’t want to spend time talking to someone, you must say, “I’d like to talk to you longer, but I must say Goodbye．” Don’t wait for the answer．

　　If someone does not stop talking and you have to leave, you can ask someone in your home to help you．For example, you signal to your father, and your father says loudly, “Mary, I think the bread is burning!”

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　　In 1826, a Frenchman named Niepce needed pictures for his business．But he was not a good artist．So he invented a very simple camera．He put it in a window of his house and took a picture of his yard．That was the first photograph．

　　The next important date in the history of photography was 1837．That year, Daguerre, another Frenchman, took a picture of his workroom．He used a new kind of camera and a different process(程序)．In his pictures, you could see everything very clearly, even the smallest details．This kind of photograph was called daguerreotype(银版照相)．

　　Soon, other people began to use Daguerre’s process．Travelers brought back daguerreotypes from all around the world．People photographed famous buildings, cities and mountains．

　　In about 1840, the process was improved．Then photographers could take pictures of people and moving things．The process was not simple．The photographers had to carry lots of film and processing equipment．But this did not stop the photographers, especially in the United States．After 1840, daguerreotype artists were popular in most cities．

　　Matthew Brady was one well-known American photographer．He took many photos of famous people．The photos were unusual because they were very life-like and full of personality．

　　Brady was also the first person to take pictures of a war．His 1862 Civil War pictures showed dead soldiers and destroyed cities．They made the war seem more real and more terrible．

　　In 1861, Scottish physicist James Maxwell showed a color photography system involving three black and white photographs, each taken through a red, green, or blue filter(滤光镜)．This is the “color separation”method．

　　In the 1880s, new inventions began to change photography．Photographers could buy film ready-made in rolls．So they did not have to make the film themselves．Also, they did not have to process the film immediately．They could bring it back to their workrooms and develop it later, meaning they did not have to carry lots of equipment．And finally, the invention of the small hand-held camera made photography less expensive．

　　With the small camera, anyone could be a photographer．People began to use cameras just for fun．They took pictures of their families, friends and favorite places．They called these pictures“snapshots．”

　　Photographs because very popular in newspapers in the 1890s．Soon magazines and books also used documentary photographs．These pictures showed true events and people．They were much more real than drawing．

　　Photography also turned into a form of art by the end of the 19th century．Some photographs were not just copies of the real world．They showed ideas and feelings, like other art forms．

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　　One cold day in the middle of the winter, Mr．and Mrs．Rose decided to fly to Florida for a vacation．

　　Mrs．Rose packed their summer clothes very carefully the night before they left home, and the next morning they got up early and drove to the airport．

　　While they were waiting at the check-in counter, Mr．Rose began to question his wife about the things she had packed．

　　“Did you remember my red bathing suit?”he asked．

　　“Of course,”she answered．

　　“You didn’t forget our sports shoes, did you?”he asked．

　　“Of course not,”she replied．Suddenly there was a long silence．

　　“What’s wrong?”said Mrs．Rose．“You look worried．”

　　“I’ll bet you didn’t bring the piano,”he replied．

　　“The piano?”she said．“Why on earth would I bring the piano?”

　　“Because,”he said quickly, “I left our plane tickets on top of it．”

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阅读理解

Look at the following notice from the Students’ Union(学生会)．It’s a plan about students’ activities in the coming winter vacation．

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　　People often say that an Englishman’s home is his castle(城堡)．They mean that the home is very important and personal．Most people in Britain live in houses rather than in flats(公寓)，and own their homes．They can paint and change them in any way they like．In a crowded city everyone knows that he or she has private space which is only for himself or herself and for invited friends．

　　People usually like to mark(做标记)their space．Are you sitting on a beach or a train or in a library?If you are on the beach you may have spread(撒)your sands around you; on the train you may have put your coat or small bag on the seat beside you, in a library you may have one corner or chair which is your own．

　　Once I was traveling on a train to London．I was in a section(区域)for four people and there was a table between us．The man opposite me had his bag on the table．There was no space on my side of the table at all．I was made rather angry．Maybe he thought that he owned the whole table!I took some newspapers out of my bag and put them on his．When I did this he sat up straight at once, opening his eyes wide．I had invaded(侵占)his space!A few minutes later I took my newspapers off his bag in order to read them．He at once moved his bag to his side of the table．

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阅读理解

　　It is very important to be able to control yourself．Losing control may bring things that you would never want to see．We can learn something from the following story．

　　Once a boy often made trouble．His mother gave him many nails(钉子)．She told him to hammer(锤，钉)one in the garden fence every time he lost his patience(耐心)and fought with someone．The first day he hammered 27 nails．In the following weeks he learned how to control himself better and the number of nails hammered became smaller and smaller．He learned it was easier to control himself than to hammer nails．

　　The day finally came when he didn’t hammer any nails．He went to tell his mother about it．Then his mother told him to pull off a nail from the fence each time he didn’t lose his patience．After some days he told his mother that all the nails had been pulled off, Thus, she took him to the fence and said to him, “You’ve behaved well, but look at all the holes in the fence．The fence will never be again like it was before．When you fight with someone, you leave wounds(伤口) in him like these．The trouble may be over, but the wounds will always be there．”

　　So, learn to control yourself before you hammer the nail in the fence．Try not to leave any holes in your past．

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完形填空

　　Motor cars were 　　1　　 made in England just before 1990．The parts for the bodies and engines(发动机)were hand-made and the cars built from these one 　　2　　．This 　　3　　 a long time and the cars cost a lot of money．

　　Some of these old cars are 　　4　　 running and every year 　　5　　 a race(竞赛)from London to Brighton．

　　The car makers had to find a quicker and 　　6　　 way of making cars so that more people could buy them．Instead of making all the parts at their own works, some car makers 　　7　　 other factories to do this．The parts were only fitted together by the car makers．

　　An American whose name was Henry Ford found a quick way of making cars．He had a group of men who fitted together each part of a car．Then the men 　　8　　 to another car．Other men brought the parts to them．

　　When the cars were finished, they were driven away and another line of cars was started．

　　Today the cars are carried by a moving track(输送带)．Modern car making works are 　　9　　 large that each one is really a lot factories close together．　　10　　 of men and women work in each factory and make assemble(装配)by many different parts of cars．

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　　Hi!My name is Wang Ming．I’m fifteen years old, and I’m a Grade 3 student in Shanghai in the year 2053!

　　I expect you find that pretty hard to believe．Let me explain．This book is a journal I wrote last month for a very special competition．I won the first prize, which was that my book would become part of the first ever experiment in time travel．It would be put in a time capsule to be sent back almost fifty years into the past．So, if everything went according to the plan, you should be reading this in about the year 2005．

　　Do you know what time capsules are?They are usually containers made of some very strong material－so strong that it should last for hundreds or thousands of years without being destroyed．Inside these containers, you put things that are typical of the place in which you live．For example, in 2005 you might put a copy of a popular comic, a CD by a famous musician, videos of television programs－all sorts of things．The idea is that when people in another century open up the time capsule．They’ll be able to see what life was like in the past．

　　Until now, all time capsules have been left for people in the future to find．This one is the first that has been sent from the future to the past．I don’t understand how it’s going to be done, but I think it’s a really cool idea．If it works, my own grandparents will be able to read this when they were secondary school students!But if my grandparents did read this, why haven’t they ever mentioned it to me?

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　　During the winter, Fred Carpenter goes skiing(滑雪)just about every weekend．Sometimes he drives as far as three hundred miles to find the freshest snow．Fred has been skiing since he was seven years old．By the time he was twelve, he had won several junior championships．When he was thirteen, he lost his right leg in an accident．By the next season, Fred had learned to ski on one leg．“ It’s certainly a little harder this way,” Fred says, “ but the thrill is just the same．”

　　Now Fred is looking for other people like himself who love to ski．“ It’s time to organize some races!” he says．

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