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The secret to happiness is keeping busy, research has found.

Keeping the mind with tasks¡ªno matter how meaningless¡ª negative emotions. However, the bad news is that humans seem born to be in order to save energy, according to Professor Christopher Hsee, a behavioral scientist at Chicago University.

In a study 98 students were asked to two surveys. After they had completed the first they were made to wait 15 minutes to the next one. They were given a choice of handing in the first survey nearby or at a more distant they had to walk to. option they chose, they received a chocolate bar. Two-thirds (68 per cent) chose the option. Those who had taken the walk reported happier than those who had put. Prof Hsee keeping busy helped keep people happy.

He said the findings, in the journal Psychological Science, had policy implications. ¡°Governments may increase the happiness of idle citizens by having them build bridges that are actually ¡±, he proposed.

At the individual level, he advised: ¡°Get up and do something. . there really is no point to you are doing, you will feel better for it. ¡± He : ¡°Incidentally, thinking deeply or engaging in self-reflection counts as keeping busy, too. You do not need to be running around, ¡ªyou just need to be , either physically or . ¡±

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For those who study the development of intelligence in the animal world£¬selfawareness is an important measurement.An animal that is aware of itself has a high level of intelligence.

Awareness can be tested by studying whether the animal recognizes itself in the mirror£¬that is£¬its own reflected image.Many animals fail this exercise bitterly£¬paying little attention to the reflected image.Only humans£¬and some intelligent animals like apes and dolphins£¬have been shown to recognize that the image in the mirror is of themselves.

Now another animal has joined the club.In the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences£¬researchers report that an Asian elephant has passed the mirror selfreflection test.

¡°We thought that elephants were the next important animal£¬¡±said Diana Reiss of the Wildlife Conservation Society£¬an author of the study with Joshua M£®Plotnik and Fans B£®M.de Waal of Emory University.¡°With their large brains£¬¡± Reiss said£¬¡°elephants seemed like cousins to apes and dolphins.¡±

The researchers tested Happy£¬Maxine and Patty£¬three elephants at the Bronx Zoo.They put an 8footsquare mirror on a wall of the animals¡¯ play area (out of the sight of zoo visitors) and recorded what happened with cameras£¬including one built in the mirror.

The elephants used their long noses to find what was behind it£¬and to examine parts of their bodies.

Of the three£¬Happy then passed the test£¬in which a clear mark was painted on one side of her face.She could tell the mark was there by looking in the mirror£¬and she used the mirror to touch the mark with her long nose.

Diana Reiss said£¬¡°We knew elephants were intelligent£¬but now we can talk about their intelligence in a better way.¡±

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