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【题目】下表为某些化学键的键能(单位:kJ·mol-1)。

共价键

Cl—Cl

Br—Br

I—I

H—Cl

H—Br

H—I

H—H

键能

243

193

151

431

366

298

436

(1)下列氢化物中,最稳定的是__________。

A.HCl B.HBr C.HI D.HF

(2)1 mol H2在2 mol Cl2中燃烧,生成2 mol HCl气体,放出能量__________kJ。

(3)相同条件下,X2(X代表Cl、Br、I)分别与氢气反应,若消耗等物质的量的氢气时,放出热量最多的是__________。推测1 mol H2在足量F2中燃烧比在足量Cl2中燃烧放热__________(填“多”或“少”)。

【答案】(1)D (2)183 (3)Cl2

【解析】稳定性是化学性质,与键能的大小有关,由于键能H—Cl键>H—Br键>H—I键,故推测键能H—F键>H—Cl键,键能越大,分子越稳定,所以HF最稳定。H2+Cl2===2HCl,生成2 mol HCl时,断键时吸收能量:436 kJ+243 kJ=679 kJ,成键时放出能量:2×431=862 kJ,反应共放出183 kJ能量。由此可算出1 mol H2与1 mol Br2、1 mol I2反应分别放出的能量为103 kJ、9 kJ,判断出三者放出热量关系为Cl2>Br2>I2

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