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【题目】阅读材料,完成下列要求。

材料一 朱熹著《四书集注》,采择理学家中与己意相合的论说,加入自己的比较通俗浅近的注释,使理学借四书而得以传播。朱熹极为重视少年的教育,著《小学集注》,收集《礼记》、《曲礼》、《列女传》等古籍中有关三纲五常的说教。教育青少年遵照三纲五常的道德规范。又著《论语训蒙口义》、《童蒙须知》等,供儿童学习。从衣服冠履、语言步趋、洒扫涓洁、读书写字,到杂细事宜,都作了具体的规定。

——摘编自蔡美彪主编《中国通史》(第七册)

材料二 李约瑟认为:宋代理学本质上是科学性的,伴随而来的是纯粹科学和应用科学本身的各种活动的史无前例的繁盛。

——李约瑟《中国科学技术史》

费正清认为:朱熹殁后,他的理学思想逐渐成为一种僵化的正统思想……宋代以后中国文化发展滞缓,使得中国在19世纪时积弱不振。

——费正清《中国:传统与变迁》

(1)据材料一,归纳朱熹推广理学的待点。结合所学知识分析当时理学传播的有利条件。

(2)据材料二,提炼关于理学和古代科学技术关系的两种不同观点,并结合所学知识任选一种加以论证。

【答案】(1)特点:重新解释儒家经典,使理学普及化、通俗化;注重道德规范教育,推动理学的生活化;注重对少年儿童的教育。

条件:印刷技术的提高(或答活字印刷术的发明);宋朝社会经济的发展;宋代私学的发展。

(2)观点一:理学对中国古代科技具有促进作用。

论证:理学认为更根本;理学强调仁者应有强烈的社会责任感;理学升华抽象思辨,主张格物致知,理性分析自然。

观点二:理学后来阻碍了中国古代科技发展。

论证:理学成为维护专制主义政治的经典;理学压抑人的自然欲求;知识分子埋首经书,脱离社会实际。

(以上观点任选其一即可)

【解析】第(1)问,第一小问,依据材料自己的比较通俗浅近的注释”“朱熹极为重视少年的教育又著《论语训蒙口义》、《童蒙须知》等,供儿童学习概括其特点。第二小问,联系所学知识,从技术、经济基础和教育等角度分析即可。

第(2)问,依据材料中的关键信息伴随而来的是纯粹科学和应用科学本身的各种活动的史无前例的繁盛,概括出理学有助于科技发展,从理学的特性和本质等角度进行论证;依据材料他的理学思想逐渐成为一种僵化的正统思想,造成宋代以后中国文化发展滞缓,使得中国在19世纪时积弱不振中概括理学阻碍科技发展,从理学的局限和思想统治工具等角度进行论证。

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