【题目】汉代是儒学发展的重要历史时期。阅读材料,回答问题。
材料一 《春秋经》记载:鲁隐公“元年春王正月”。《公羊传》解释为:“元年者何?君之始年也。春者何?岁之始也。王者孰谓?谓文王也。葛为先言王而后言正月?王正月也。何言乎王正月?大一统也。”如此看来,在《公羊传》里,大一统主要是指立法统一。
材料二 董仲舒在“元年春王正月”这几个字上阐述了不少观点。他说:“谓一为元者。视大始而欲正本也。”把第一年称为元年,是重视开始,而且要端正根本。春代表春天,在王之前。王之后有正,正即政,就是统治人民。“春王正”三个字的顺序表明“屈民而伸君,屈君而伸天”(《春秋繁露·玉杯》),即人民服从皇帝,皇帝服从上天。汉景帝时,发生了七国之乱,各诸侯国企图分裂国家。董仲舒亲历了这场运动,提出“屈民而伸君”的主张,要求限制地方割据势力。
——徐岿然《从大一统谈董仲舒政治思想》
(1)根据材料一、二,指出与《公羊传》的解释相比,董仲舒对大一统的认识有何发展。
(2)根据材料二和所学知识,简要评析董仲舒“屈民而伸君,屈君而伸天”的观点。
【答案】(1)在《公羊传》里,大一统主要是指立法统一。董仲舒将大一统的内容大大丰富了,不仅包括立法统一,还包括了政治统一,思想统一和领土统一。
(2)评析:“屈民而伸君”适应了统治者加强皇权、巩固国家统一的需要,对于中国长期维持大一统的政治局面起了重要的作用。“屈民而伸天”神化了天命,赋予天最高的统治权威,既彰显了封建皇权的至高性,又以儒家思想对其进行制约。
【解析】本题主要考查“罢黜百家,独尊儒术”。
第(1)问,根据材料中“在《公羊传》里,大一统主要是指立法统一”“屈民而伸君,屈君而伸天”“即人民服从皇帝,皇帝服从上天”“限制地方割据势力”得知,董仲舒对大一统认识由立法统一到不仅包括立法统一,还包括了政治统一,思想统一和领土统一。
第(2)问,结合材料和所学知识分别评价,“屈民而伸君”评价侧重加强皇权、巩固国家统一;“屈民而伸天”评价侧重神化天命,彰显皇权,又加以制约。
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【1】What percent of the fouryear schools began as public agricultural colleges in America?
A.About 1/4.
B.About 1/24.
C.About 1/6.
【2】When was the idea of the land grant college developed?
A.In 1826.
B.More than 100 years ago.
C.About 200 years ago.
【3】What do we know about the international students this year at the College of Agricultural Sciences?
A.There are 5 graduate students altogether.
B.Most of them are from Africa,Asia and Europe.
C.There are 205 international students.
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【题目】阅读下列材料,回答问题。
材料一 孔丘所谓“举贤才”的目的,不过要使“贤才”有机会在原有的贵族“家”内做“家臣”。孟轲要求使“贤才”居于掌握政权的地位。贤者自己一定要做“卿相”,实际掌握政权,照着自己的理想处理国家的政事(“行道”),国王不得干涉。……孟轲对齐宣王说:“所谓故国者,非有乔木之谓也,有世臣之谓也。”“国君进贤,如不得已,将使卑逾尊,疏逾戚,可不慎欤?”对于新执政的“贤才”,孟轲也提醒他们说:“为政不难,不得罪于巨室。”
——冯友兰《中国哲学史新编》
材料二 为什么要独尊一家呢?因为统一的帝国需要统一的思想,这是秦始皇就已经意识到的。而且,始皇的焚书,武帝的尊儒,动机和说法都一样:天下大乱,皆因思想自由,言论不一。……儒学,为什么就合适做统治思想?因为儒家是维护君主制度的。……儒家则不同,道为王道,政为仁政,制为礼制,治为德治。也就是说,儒家维护君主制度是讲道理的,也有人情味。这样的统治,人民能够接受。人民能接受,政权就稳固。君主和人民都满意,就双赢。何况儒家学说有着深厚的根基,这就是小农经济、宗法社会和礼乐传统。
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【1】What do we learn about pets from Paragraph 1?
A.They are often forgotten by their owners.
B.They are used to living outdoors.
C.They build their own shelter.
D.They like to stay in warm places.
【2】Why are pet owners asked to stay with their pets when they are out in cold weather?
A.To know when to bring them inside.
B.To keep them from eating bad food.
C.To help them find shelter.
D.To keep them company.
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A.run short of clean water
B.dig deep holes for fun
C.dirty the snow nearby
D.get lost in the wild
【4】What is the purpose of this text?
A.To solve a problem.
B.To give practical advice.
C.To tell an interesting story.
D.To present a research result.
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Five ways to end procrastination
Never put off till tomorrow what may be done today. Waiting until later is one of life’s guilty secrets, but procrastination (拖延症) is linked to poorer health, work and relationship outcomes. Here are five ways to try to remedy (纠正) procrastination.:
1. A five-minute start
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2. Set goals and rewards
During the day, set goals and rewards. Each time you achieve a goal, you earn the reward: a short break, a funny YouTube video or something else. 【2】 Make sure you select a time to review your progress and adjust your targets accordingly.
3. Be good to yourself — me today versus me tomorrow
Sometimes, when you find yourself buried in work, you are upset with yourself for not having started earlier. Imagine a conversation, between “you today” and “you tomorrow”. 【3】
4. I was there — witnessing accountability (责任制)
【4】 Consider going on a diet: Is there more pressure if you don’t tell a soul, or if you announce it to all your friends, with strict rules to follow if you are invited to dinner? It seems an obvious way of making you feel guilty, but it can also be highly effective.
Make the consequences of inaction so unbearable that you have no choice but to get busy now. You could write a note to someone that you don’t like. Give the note to a friend with strict instructions to mail the note if you do not achieve your goal. The more you dislike the other party, the stronger the motivation to get the task done.
Procrastination is a silent killer of dreams. 【5】 By understanding and fixing your procrastination, you’ll discover you jump-start many areas of your life.
A. Everyone suffers from it.
B. Once the five minutes is up, stop and reassess.
C. Everyone likes to have a dream of procrastination.
D. Going public with a goal increases your support and accountability.
E. What is the future of my life with the intention of putting off my tasks?
F. If “you tomorrow” could chat with “you today” what would he say?
G. It’s important that the goals are realistic and the rewards are in proportion (按比例).
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