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【题目】汉代是儒学发展的重要历史时期。阅读材料,回答问题

材料一 《春秋经》记载:鲁隐公元年春王正月。《公羊传》解释为:元年者何?君之始年也。春者何?岁之始也。王者孰谓?谓文王也。葛为先言王而后言正月?王正月也。何言乎王正月?大一统也。如此看来,在《公羊传》里,大一统主要是指立法统一。

材料二 董仲舒在元年春王正月这几个字上阐述了不少观点。他说:谓一为元者。视大始而欲正本也。把第一年称为元年,是重视开始,而且要端正根本。春代表春天,在王之前。王之后有正,正即政,就是统治人民。春王正三个字的顺序表明屈民而伸君,屈君而伸天(《春秋繁露·玉杯》),即人民服从皇帝,皇帝服从上天。汉景帝时,发生了七国之乱,各诸侯国企图分裂国家。董仲舒亲历了这场运动,提出屈民而伸君的主张,要求限制地方割据势力。

——徐岿然《从大一统谈董仲舒政治思想》

(1)根据材料一、二指出与《公羊传》的解释相比,董仲舒对大一统的认识有何发展

(2)根据材料二所学知识,简要评析董仲舒屈民而伸君,屈君而伸天的观点。

【答案】(1)在《公羊传》里,大一统主要是指立法统一。董仲舒将大一统的内容大大丰富了,不仅包括立法统一,还包括了政治统一,思想统一和领土统一。

(2)评析:屈民而伸君适应了统治者加强皇权、巩固国家统一的需要,对于中国长期维持大一统的政治局面起了重要的作用。屈民而伸天神化了天命,赋予天最高的统治权威,既彰显了封建皇权的至高性,又以儒家思想对其进行制约。

【解析】本题主要考查罢黜百家,独尊儒术

第(1)问,根据材料中在《公羊传》里,大一统主要是指立法统一”“屈民而伸君,屈君而伸天”“即人民服从皇帝,皇帝服从上天”“限制地方割据势力得知董仲舒对大一统认识由立法统一到不仅包括立法统一,还包括了政治统一,思想统一和领土统一。

第(2)问,结合材料和所学知识分别评价,屈民而伸君评价侧重加强皇权、巩固国家统一;屈民而伸天评价侧重神化天命,彰显皇权,又加以制约。

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