【题目】古代中国和古代罗马相距遥远,然而两者的历史发展可做一些比较。阅读材料,回答问题。
历史时期 | 古代中国 | 古代罗马 |
①公元前5世纪~前4世纪 | 秦国商鞅变法(前356年) | 罗马制定《十二铜表法》 (前451年) |
②公元前3世纪 | 秦始皇统一中国(前221年) | 罗马统一意大利 (前270年左右) |
③公元前2世纪~公元2世纪 | 西汉、东汉王朝强盛时期 (前202年~公元184年) | 罗马强盛时期 (前201年~公元192年) |
④公元3世纪 | 汉末混乱,三国鼎立(184~280年) 西晋统一王朝(280~316年) | 罗马“三世纪危机”(192~284年)罗马帝国中兴(284~336年) |
⑤公元4世纪 | 北方少数民族南下中原 东晋南迁(317~420年) 北方十六国时期(308~439年) | 罗马帝国首都东迁(330年) 日耳曼人入侵(375年起) 罗马帝国东西分裂(395年) |
⑥公元5~6世纪 | 南北朝对峙(420~589年) 隋朝再次统一中国(589年) | 西罗马帝国灭亡(476年) 欧洲日耳曼人小国林立 |
——吴于廑、齐世荣主编《世界史》,白寿彝主编《中国通史》
(1)依据材料,概括①至⑤各个时期古代中国和古代罗马的历史特征。
(2)比较①至⑤时期两国历史发展的特征,你发现了什么现象?再比较其历史轨迹及变化节奏,你又有哪些发现?在此基础上,你有何进一步的理论认识?
(3)第⑥时期中国和欧洲的历史走向有何不同?试从制度层面分析中国出现这一走向的主要原因。
【答案】(1)①两者都制定了法律。②两者都实现了国家统一。 ③两者都进入强盛时期。④两者都出现混乱、分裂或危机,但都走向了统一或中兴。⑤两者都有其他民族大规模迁入,走向分裂。
(2)两者虽相距遥远,但各个时期历史特征非常相似。两者历史都呈现了政治统一和分散交替而行的轨迹,变化节奏也非常相近。人类历史发展是有共同性的。
(3)中国从分裂走向统一;西罗马灭亡,欧洲走向分散。中央集权制度的建立,促进了中国统一多民族国家的形成与发展。
【解析】(1)通过仔细阅读材料并结合所学知识不难发现材料涉及到法律、统一、强盛、分裂等方面的信息,所以古代中国和古代罗马的历史特征从上述几个方面分别概述即可。(2)结合第一问的“历史特征”可知发现的现象是二者的“历史特征”是相似的。历史轨迹及变化节奏又可以发现又是非常相似的,即何时变化、朝哪变化又均是一样的,理论认识方面主要回答出历史发展是有共同性的、历史的发展是同步的之类的答案均可。(3)第⑥时期中国和欧洲的历史走向的不同主要突出中国由分裂走向统一而欧洲却是由统一走向分裂之类的答案均可,题目已经明确提出主要原因要从制度的层面进行分析,即中国是专制主义中央集权制而欧洲没有建立中央集权制的角度进行解释。
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【题目】根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。其中有两项为多余选项。
In many parts of the world, cars play an important role in daily life and many societies would not exist without them. 【1】 But this is the prediction made by a team of transport researchers who are taken seriously, not only by government but also by car manufacturers(制造商).
The Human Science and Advanced Technology Institute at Loughborough in the UK is part of an international research program. 【2】 That will mean much saving, no accidents and better use of roads.The super-intelligent car of the 21st century will drive itself, 【3】.Instead, we will have a choice of cars and change them as frequently as we change our clothing.
According to Dr.David Davis, who leads the research team, these predictions are based on the rising cost of the car culture, which had blocked up our cities, polluted our air, and caused more deaths than both world wars put together.
Davis says, cars will be fitted with some intelligent devices(装置) to regulate(调节) the distance between one car and another. 【4】 Computers are much safer drivers than people, so cars in a road train will be able to drive much closer together than cars driven by people.
By 2010, Dr.David Davis believes, car technology will give motorists a clear view of the road, whatever the weather conditions, by projecting an image(影像)of the road ahead on to the car’s windscreen. 【5】 Cars will be connected by an electronic bar to the car in front to form “road-trains”.“
A.The team there believes that by 2030 all cars will be computerized.
B.They believe that cars will become more important in 20 years.
C.And it will not be owned by one individual.
D.And by 2030, cars will travel in line, linked to each other electronically.
E.So the idea that in 20 years’ time, no one will own cars may be hard to believe.
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【题目】短文改错
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误,每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧),并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除:把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
修改:在错的词下划一横线,并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意:1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;
2.只允许修改10处,多者(从第11处起)不计分。
Dear Mary,
I’m glad to hear of you. Learning that you had developed a deep interest in Tang poems, I feel happiness and proud and I’d like to give you a brief introduction to them.
In China, Tang poems are popular with the people of all ages. The Tang dynasty is common recognized as the golden age of poetry. During this period, a lot of excellent poems was written. Tang poems are easy to read but recite. Some of them have translated into many foreign languages.
Now that you are interesting in Tang poems, I will send you the collection of Tang poems by post. I hope you will love it.
Best wishes!
Yours,
Li Hua
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【题目】阅读下列材料,回答问题。
材料一
秦始皇构建了大帝国(政治制度)的框架,组装了硬件,汉武帝确定了大帝国(政治制度)的中枢运作机制,加上了软件。
——金克木《风流汉武两千年》
材料二
皇权为了维系自身权力的专制性,就必须创建出能够突破甚至凌驾于这类束缚和侵蚀力量之上的制度性手段;这种反制衡除了表现为一些非常规性的举措之外,更突出地表现为一种根本性的制度建设,这就是:不断在常规的国家行政官职体系之外,设立由它取代可能限制皇权的外朝官制体系而执掌国家核心机密和极高权力,使皇帝能够通过亲自掌握这一秘书机构并赋予它巨大的权力,从而对外朝常规官制体系施以强大的反制衡。
——王毅《中国皇权制度研究》
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17.
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How to pick a great book to read
The world is full of great books, just waiting to be read. How can you pick one you'll really like? Here are some tips:
【1】 If you have a favorite hobby or pastime, look for books about that activity. Are you really into dinosaurs or dogs or a specific celebrity? Are there a few careers you're interested in? You can find books about almost anything you like, and you're more likely to enjoy reading a book if you're already interested in its subject.
【2】 Some books are entirely made up and imagined. Those are called fiction books. Novels, short stories, and fables are all examples of fiction. These books can transport you to another world or help you imagine something beyond your own experience. Nonfiction books give you the who, what, when, and why. They tell stories using facts — but that doesn't mean they're boring. Nonfiction books can bring to life everything from the first trip to the moon to what it's like to explore the deepest oceans. Many of them read like novels from start to finish. Try both fiction and nonfiction books to see which you like better.
【3】 What was your mother's favorite book when she was your age? Or your dad's? What about a sibling's? Ask them and give it a read. Then you can talk about what they liked about it and share your thoughts. It's a fun way to get to know your family a little better, and to finda book you'll enjoy!
【4】 Your local library is a great place to find books that you'll love, and you don't have to search all by yourself. Tell a librarian about your interests — rock stars, sports teams, historical events, whatever you're into — and the names of some books you already like. Your librarian can help you find other books that you're sure to love. Your teacher is another good person to ask.
【5】 Why not get some friends together and trade favorite books? It's always fun to see what your friends are reading. Even if they're not exactly bookworms, you can all encourage each other to read and share books and authors you like. You also can look for book swaps in your area. It's a great way to build your personal library for free!
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B. Read as many books as possible.
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材料一 古有儒、释、道三教,自明以来,又多一教,曰小说。小说演义之书,未尝自以为教也,而士大夫、农、工、商、贾无不习闻之。以至儿童、妇女不识字者亦皆闻而如见之。是其教较之儒、释、道而更广也。释道犹劝人以善,小说专导人以恶。……世人习而不察,辄怪乎刑狱之日繁,盗贼之日炽,岂知小说之于人心风俗者,已非一朝一夕之故也。
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(1)概括材料一中关于明清小说的观点,并结合所学知识分析明清小说兴盛的原因。
材料二 其实,那个时候的中国,天下滔滔,多的是泥古而顽梗的士人,在封建主义充斥的天地里,欲破启锢闭,引入若干资本主义文化,除了“中体西用”还不可能提出另一种更好的宗旨。如果没有“中体”作为前提,“西用”无所依托,它在中国是进不了门、落不了户的。
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