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【题目】古代中国和古代罗马相距遥远,然而两者的历史发展可做一些比较。阅读材料,回答问题。

历史时期

古代中国

古代罗马

公元前5世纪~前4世纪

秦国商鞅变法(前356年)

罗马制定《十二铜表法》

(前451年)

公元前3世纪

秦始皇统一中国(前221年)

罗马统一意大利

(前270年左右)

公元前2世纪~公元2世纪

西汉、东汉王朝强盛时期

(前202年~公元184年)

罗马强盛时期

(前201年~公元192年)

公元3世纪

汉末混乱,三国鼎立(184~280年)

西晋统一王朝(280~316年)

罗马“三世纪危机”(192~284年)罗马帝国中兴(284~336年)

公元4世纪

北方少数民族南下中原

东晋南迁(317~420年)

北方十六国时期(308~439年)

罗马帝国首都东迁(330年)

日耳曼人入侵(375年起)

罗马帝国东西分裂(395年)

公元5~6世纪

南北朝对峙(420~589年)

隋朝再次统一中国(589年)

西罗马帝国灭亡(476年)

欧洲日耳曼人小国林立

——吴于廑、齐世荣主编《世界史》,白寿彝主编《中国通史》

1)依据材料,概括各个时期古代中国和古代罗马的历史特征。

(2)比较时期两国历史发展的特征,你发现了什么现象?再比较其历史轨迹及变化节奏,你又有哪些发现?在此基础上,你有何进一步的理论认识?

(3)第时期中国和欧洲的历史走向有何不同?试从制度层面分析中国出现这一走向的主要原因。

【答案】(1)两者都制定了法律。两者都实现了国家统一。 两者都进入强盛时期。两者都出现混乱、分裂或危机,但都走向了统一或中兴。两者都有其他民族大规模迁入,走向分裂。

(2)两者虽相距遥远,但各个时期历史特征非常相似。两者历史都呈现了政治统一和分散交替而行的轨迹,变化节奏也非常相近。人类历史发展是有共同性的。

(3)中国从分裂走向统一;西罗马灭亡,欧洲走向分散。中央集权制度的建立,促进了中国统一多民族国家的形成与发展。

【解析】(1)通过仔细阅读材料并结合所学知识不难发现材料涉及到法律、统一、强盛、分裂等方面的信息,所以古代中国和古代罗马的历史特征从上述几个方面分别概述即可。(2)结合第一问的“历史特征”可知发现的现象是二者的“历史特征”是相似的。历史轨迹及变化节奏又可以发现又是非常相似的,即何时变化、朝哪变化又均是一样的,理论认识方面主要回答出历史发展是有共同性的、历史的发展是同步的之类的答案均可。(3)第时期中国和欧洲的历史走向的不同主要突出中国由分裂走向统一而欧洲却是由统一走向分裂之类的答案均可,题目已经明确提出主要原因要从制度的层面进行分析,即中国是专制主义中央集权制而欧洲没有建立中央集权制的角度进行解释。

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