【题目】生物体细胞内的膜具有一定的选择透过性,即水分子可以自由通过,细胞要选择吸收的离子和小分子也可以通过,而其他粒子、小分子和大分子则不能通过。请根据以下所提供的条件,验证细胞内膜的选择透过性。
实验材料和用具:①新鲜的红玫瑰 ②烧杯 ③玻璃铅笔 ④质量分数为15%的盐酸 ⑤清水 ⑥量筒
(1)红玫瑰的红色与细胞的哪一结构有关?__________________________。
(2)完善下列实验设计,验证活细胞的膜具有选择透过性
第一步:选两只相同的烧杯,用玻璃铅笔标上A和B
第二步:__________________________________________________________________,
第三步:__________________________________________________________________。
结果预测:___________________________________________________________。
原因分析:_______________________________________________________________。
(3)此实验主要能验证哪些膜的选择透过性?______________________________。
【答案】(1)液泡
(2)在A、B两只烧杯中,分别加入等量的15%的盐酸和清水
选等量的红色玫瑰花瓣,分别放入A、B两只烧杯中,经过一段时间后观察
水中的花瓣仍为红色,水为无色;盐酸中的花瓣颜色逐渐变浅,而盐酸溶液变红
盐酸将细胞杀死,膜丧失其选择性,而清水对细胞活性无伤害作用
(3)细胞膜和液泡膜
【解析】根据实验设计遵循的单一变量原则、对照原则等,围绕题意准确定位该实验是探究性实验还是验证性实验以及实验目的,据此找出实验变量(自变量、因变量、无关变量),进而完善实验步骤并得出相应的结论。
(1)红玫瑰的红色与液泡中含有的色素有关。(2)依题意可知:本实验的目的是验证活细胞的膜具有选择透过性,因此该实验的自变量是细胞是否有活性,因变量是细胞所处的水溶液是否变红,其它对实验结果有影响的因素均为无关变量,应控制相同且适宜。依据实验设计遵循的原则、已经给出的实验材料和用具以及不完整实验步骤可知:第二步,应在A、B两只烧杯中,分别加入等量的15%的盐酸和清水;第三步,选等量的红色玫瑰花瓣,分别放入A、B两只烧杯中,经过一段时间后观察。
结果预测:因该实验是验证性实验,其实验结论是已知的,所以预测的实验结果为:水(B烧杯)中的花瓣仍为红色,水为无色;盐酸(A烧杯)中的花瓣颜色逐渐变浅,而盐酸溶液变红。原因分析:盐酸对活细胞具有很强的伤害作用,将细胞杀死而使其细胞膜失去选择透过性,而清水对细胞活性没有伤害作用。(3)存在于液泡中的色素,若进入溶液中,需经过液泡膜和细胞膜,所以此实验主要能验证细胞膜和液泡膜的选择透过性。
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