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【题目】【1 Everyone __________ (渴望)success, but not every-one desires to get rich.

2 The result of his test seemed to __________ (满意)

3 __________ (惊动)the noise, the birds flew away.

4 He __________ (赢得同情)of passersby by describing his miserable childhood.

5 When returning to his hometown, he was shown around the city __________ (被陪同)his old classmates.

6 He heard a voice behind him but when he __________ (转身),he saw nobody.

7 The government __________ (宣战)the drug dealers.

8 You shouldn't __________ ( Andy 个人待着)in the mountains it was very dangerous.

9 They opened a single store in Europe __________ (检验)the market.

10 Those parents were __________ (赞成)the change.

【答案】见解析

【解析】【1 has a desire for

2 be satisfactory

3 Alarmed by

4 won the sympathy

5 accompanied by

6 turned around

7 declared war on

8 have left Andy alone

9to test out

10 in favour of

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【题目】阅读下面的文字,完成后面小题。

种子萌芽从汲取水分开始,种子首先膨胀,胚部接着生长。发芽就像分娩,一旦启动就是个不可逆的过程,因此发芽的时机攸关生死,种子早已演化出各式各样的手段找对时机。杨树和柳树的种子寿命极短,若没有在散播后几个小时内找到湿泥地,就会死亡。热带雨林中,许多树木结的大型种子如果没有在几周内发芽,就会腐败。对这些物种来说,要掌握正确的发芽时机,得先掌握正确的结子时机,因为种子一旦成熟,保存期限是很短的。

一年中,若季节气候对种子来说太干燥或太寒冷,不利于发芽,种子就进入休眠,等待不适宜的气候过去。

如果将植物行为以精巧度衡量,扁蓄的发芽行为只有初级程度。扁蓄是长在耕地和花园中的杂草,种子先天为休眠型,未经冬天不会发芽。土壤中的种子在冬季感受到低温,打破休眠状态,预备好在春天来临、土壤回暖时发芽。没有在五月发芽的种子,又逐渐进入休眠状态,静待另一波寒意来临,准备好再次发芽。扁蓄的行为其实相当合理,称为初级程度好像不太公平,更何况相似的植物还不少,许多杂草也有依季节循环的休眠期和发芽期。

另一种相当常见的杂草则要比扁蓄技高一筹,那就是羊腿藜。羊腿藜在年初结不休眠的种子,产季时则结休眠的种子。有了年初生产的种子,这年的羊腿藜就有更多子代,后来所结的种子则安然保存至明春。

一年生植物的种子发芽机制就更精巧了,这些植物会打赌冬天冷不冷,许多冬季一年生植物,像雀麦草,都是在秋天发芽,这样做的风险是冬天的寒霜很可能冻死幼苗。但如果存活下来,就有了回报,因为比起其他春天才发芽的种子,这些幼苗抢先一步发育成长,能长得比较大,结的种子也多得多。冬季一年生植物也懂得分散风险,让部分种子在冬季休眠、春天发芽。比起熬过冬天的幼苗,这些春天发芽的种子长出的植株比较小、结的种子也比较少,但是存活的几率通常大一些。由于某几年的冬天比较冷,某几年比较不冷,所以有时不休眠种子长得好,有时休眠种子胜算大。

目前为止所谈的发芽行为,精巧程度都还不及格。种子还能从其他线索得到更精确的讯息,以决定什么时候发芽。许多像莴苣一类的种子,对光很敏感,在黑暗中不会发芽,即使温度和湿度都很恰当。这样的机制可以避免那些被埋得很深的、没有机会到达土壤表层的种子发芽。而只要一丝阳光,就能让种子自休眠中苏醒。替菜圃翻土会让阳光传递讯息给土壤中许多对光敏感的杂草种子,让它们知道接近土壤表层了。

很多种子的招数更了不起。植物可借由远古演化而来的光感受体(即光敏素分子)感知光线。光敏感分子有两种形式,可彼此转换。一种称为Pr,吸收红光后转换成另一种形式,称为Pfr,Pfr吸收远红光后再转回Pr型分子。Pr对Pfr的比率是由接受多少这两种不同波长的光而定。这种Pr对Pfr的比率提供了地方环境的讯息,对植物来说极为重要。未被遮蔽的日光,红光/远红光的比率为1,然而,阳光穿过树叶后,大部分红光为树叶吸收,这时比率远小于1。植物透过Pr对Pfr比率能侦测到光的改变。由此,植物利用光敏素察觉邻近植物的位置,调整自己的生长以避开邻近植物。同样,种子如果暴露在透光叶子照射的阳光中,就不发芽。与其在其他植物的遮蔽下发芽、长出难以存活的幼苗,还不如维持休眠状态。

光敏素有个缺点,就是在黑暗环境中无用武之地。因此只有位于土壤表层或接近表层的种子能加以利用,侦测竞争对手是否环伺在侧。不过还有另一种线索,能让深埋土中的种子知道上方有没有一线生机。土壤表层的植物,例如草类,就像一层隔绝物,调节土壤内种子感受温度的范围。光裸的土壤表层没有这层隔绝物,所以底下的种子会感受到强烈的温度起伏,许多种子就从这种温度起伏中得知土壤表面是光裸的。如果感受到温度起伏,种子就会在春天发芽;而如果感受到的温度很平稳,没有高低起伏,种子就不发芽。

(选自【英】乔纳森·西尔弗顿著、徐嘉妍译《种子的故事》,商务印书馆,2014年,有删改)

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