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【题目】阅读下面的文字,完成1—3题。

中国古代的弃老习俗

中国各地区都有弃老传说,古时曾流行不养六十花甲老人,令其在寄死窑等弃老洞内自毙的习俗。鄂西北就有弃老传说中的寄死窑遗迹完整存留至今。

徐永安副教授的考察研究结果表明:寄死窑遗址在汉水中游的河岸、山地普遍存在,这些遗址系明显人工开凿,非自然生成。一些地点还存在多口寄死窑密集分布的情况,遗址与传说对应关系十分明确。徐永安通过对弃老洞遗址的考察和对当地老年人的访问,还揭示出60岁老人自死是一种依从于内在民俗信仰而选择的崇高行为,从而寄死窑也成为一个神圣的空间。由此显现出民俗的普遍性特征具有的对人类社会行为的巨大控制力量。除鄂西北的寄死窑之外还有山东胶东半岛的模子坟、山西晋中市昔阳县的生藏墓等。由此可以证明,在中原文明的核心地区也存在过这一弃老习俗。诸多事实告诉我们:彼时的弃老习俗,一定有它存在的充分的、合理的理由,而不仅仅是原始民族或人性恶的一种注脚。

为何在以礼仪之邦闻名于世的中国,竟然流行过野蛮的弃老习俗呢?人类的伦理感情、亲情本能,真的就如此微不足道、如此无能为力吗?俄罗斯著名学者普列汉诺夫的《论艺术(没有地址的信)》中说,那些原始民族遗弃或杀死老人,并非由于生性残忍,而是由于野蛮人不得不为自己生存奋斗的那些条件杀死非生产的成员对社会来说是一种合乎道德的责任。这个贯串历史唯物主义的论断,已由大量人类学调查材料所证实,至今仍是我们解开弃老习俗文化之谜的一把钥匙。中国弃老习俗也应作如是观。

弃老习俗不独中国为然,其他国家民族也有。日本电影导演木下恵介拍摄的电影《楢山节考》,讲述以前日本一些贫瘠的山村中,为了节约有限的口粮,60岁以上的老人,要被儿子背到深山里,放在那里让他自生自灭饿死,这就是日本所谓的姥舍て达尔文在非洲考察时也发现过一个遗弃老人的部落,他们总是把年老的妇女放逐到森林里让她们饿死。请教他们为什么这样做,他们的酋长回答说,妇女是生孩子的,年长的妇女既然不会生孩子,还留着白吃饭干什么呢?古代朝鲜也有这样的习俗。在那种生存资源极为缺乏的环境中,人类奉行的生存战略就是如此残酷。

中国虽在广大地区流行过弃老习俗,然而和世界其他地方相比较,中国自古以来就有尊重智慧老人的优良传统。春秋战国时期,老人是个宝的观念就已深入人心。诸子百家大都以老人为师,老人的智慧在这一时期大放异彩。王晓平所著《佛典·志怪·物语》也特地指出:在中国,春秋战国时期中原地区已摆脱了弃老风俗,《左传》中的晋文公老年的谲诈,蹇叔的预见,都是对老者智慧的肯定。屈原《离骚》中,傅说、吕望、宁戚都是被作为饱经风霜,终被信用的贤者来歌颂的。中国自古以来就有着智慧老人治国平天下的历史功绩传闻于世,由此树立起老人是个宝,应孝养老人的普世观念和习俗,由此标志着社会文明的一大跃进。现在的韩国成为了世界上最敬老的国家,也是对这段历史的拨正和超越。

根据刘守华《寄死窑的文化谜团:弃老习俗与传说》改写

【1】下列对弃老习俗的解说,不符合原文意思的一项是

A.中国古时曾流行不养花甲老人,让其在弃老洞内自生自灭的习俗。且至今还有弃老传说中的弃老洞遗迹存留。

B.弃老习俗是生存资源极为匮乏的时代人们为了更好地繁衍后代所采取的不得已而为之的生存选择。

C.从考古资料以及文献记载可以看出,其他国家民族都有遗弃老人的弃老习俗,不独中国为然。

D.世界各民族都流行过弃老习俗,在日本电影《楢山节考》中就有六十岁以上的妇女因不能生育而被弃深山自生自灭的现象。

【2】下列理解和分析,不符合原文意思的一项是

A.我国发现的一些弃老遗址,充分证明了历史上传说的弃老习俗确实存在,遗址与传说的对应关系十分明确。

B.哪怕是中原文明的核心地区,也存在过弃老行为,说明当时的弃老习俗,有它存在的充分、合理的理由。

C.普列汉诺夫的论断,充分肯定了原始民族的人性善良和道德责任。学者的调查研究也证明了这一论断的正确性。

D.内在民俗信仰一旦形成,就具有对人类社会行为的巨大控制力量,哪怕是残酷的弃老行为,人们也觉得神圣而崇高。

【3】根据原文内容,下列理解和分析不正确的一项是

A.当今的敬老,既是物质文明的体现,也标志着社会文明的一大跃进,同时也是对弃老这段历史的拨正和超越。

B.中国自古以来就有敬老的优良传统,老人是个宝的观念早已深入人心,因此,弃老习俗在中国并不具有普遍性。

C.春秋时期的管仲有仓廪实而知礼节的精辟论断,敬老的传统应该起于物质生活条件基本满足的历史时期。

D.人类的伦理感情、亲情本能,在人类奉行的残酷生存战略面前,也会显得微不足道、无能为力。

【答案】

【1】D

【2】C

【3】B

【解析】

【1】

试题分析:妇女因不能生育而被弃深山是非洲部落,并非日本。

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