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【题目】阅读材料,完成下列要求。

材料一 郑观应不仅自觉地运用儒家民本思想去解读西方民主政治的历史文化和思想学说,而且有意地借用民本思想的话语来为民主思想在中国的传播和民主政制在中国的推行,保驾护航,指出议院、立宪、君民一体,是西方各国富强之本,主张在中国设议院、行立宪、伸民权、实行君民共主。

——胡波《同光时期郑观应民本思想初探》

材料二 康有为对欧美各国的政体进行了比较研究后认为:中国应于宪政中,君民共治,君民交益,即君主立宪,旧制行之数千年,实人心国命所寄,纪纲法度虽有积弊,只可去其太甚,以渐行之。如尽去之,人心国命无所寄,则荡然不乱耳。

材料三 政治制度,必然得自根自生。纵使有些可以从国外移来,也必然先与其本国传统有一番融合媾通,才能真实发挥相当的作用。否则,无生命的政治,无配合的制度,绝然无法长成。

——钱穆《中国历代政治得失》

(1)根据材料一,概括郑观应的思想观点。

(2)根据材料二并结合所学知识,指出康有为的政治主张,并分析影响其政治主张的因素。

(3)综合上述材料并结合19世纪末以前的史实,指出能够体现出西方现代文化和中国传统文化相融合的近代中国思想与实践。

【答案】(1)郑观应主张学习西方,实行君主立宪制。

(2)主张:在渐进中建立君主立宪制度。因素:中国长期君主专制的历史传统;中国当时的社会阻力;英国君主立宪制的成功实践;近代西方启蒙思想和政治学说传入中国。

(3)洋务派提出中体西用的主张,开展洋务运动;维新派把西方政治学说与儒家思想相结合,为维新变法提供理论依据,掀起戊戌变法。

【解析】(1)本题考查学生阅读材料提取信息的能力。根据材料郑观应不仅自觉地运用儒家民本思想去解读西方民主政治的历史文化和思想学说,而且有意地借用民本思想的话语来为民主思想在中国的传播和民主政制在中国的推行进行分析,并结合中国早期维新思想概括出郑观应的思想的内容即可。

(2)本题考查学生阅读材料提取信息的能力。据材料于宪政中,君民共治,君民交益,即君主立宪只可去其太甚,以渐行之。如尽去之,人心国命无所寄,则荡然不乱耳可知,康有为主张在渐进中建立君主立宪制。据材料旧制行之数千年,实人心国命所寄,纪纲法度虽有积弊并结合所学知识得出其原因。

(3)本题需要注意题干的时间限制,所选史实必须体现中外融合。结合所学知识可知,地主阶级洋务派主张学习西方的科技,以维护腐朽落后的清王朝的统治;维新派康有为把西方先进的政治学说与儒家思想相结合,宣传变法的合理性,都体现了中外文化的融合特点。

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