【题目】阅读材料,回答下列问题。
材料一 陆地的河流流速比较急,带着上游冲刷下来的泥沙流到宽阔的海洋后,流速慢了下来,泥沙就沉积在河口附近,日积月累,越积越多,逐步形成高出水面的陆地,这就叫河口冲积岛。
材料二 长江三角洲历史演变图。
(1)河口冲积岛形成的主要外力作用有哪些?
(2)描述材料二中古沙洲的生消变化过程。
(3)近年来该地海岸线向近海移动的速度减慢,试说明其原因。
【答案】(1)流水堆积(沉积)作用;海水的顶托作用。
(2)河口地区由于落差小及海水的顶托作用,水流速度减慢导致大量泥沙堆积,出露水面形成沙洲;泥沙继续堆积,陆地面积不断扩大,古沙洲逐渐和大陆相连;受地转偏向力影响,北岸堆积速度快。
(3)中上游植树造林,水土流失减少;三峡水坝等水利工程截留部分泥沙。
【解析】试题分析:(1)冲积岛分布在河流入海口,由流水堆积作和海水顶托作用形成。
(2)沙洲是由于河流流速减慢,泥沙堆积,出露水面形成的,泥沙堆积不断增加,陆地面积不断扩大,古沙洲逐渐和大陆相连,受地转偏向力影响,北岸堆积速度快。
(3)海岸线向近海移动速度减慢,说明流水堆积作用减弱,流水堆积作用减弱说明河流含沙量减少,原因是中上游植树造林,水土流失减少及三峡大坝等水利工程拦水拦沙。
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