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    【题目】All of them have been trained to ___ ___ ___ (保护自己免受) knife attacks.

    【答案】见解析

    【解析】defend themselves against

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    在母语的屋檐下

    彭 程

    少年时代的伙伴自大洋彼岸归来探亲，多年未见，把盏竟夜长谈。我们聊到故乡种种情形，特别谈到了家乡方言，兴之所至，后来两人干脆用家乡话谈起来。

    本来以为这么多年不使用，很多方言都已忘记，不料却在此时鲜明地复活了，恍惚中，甚至忆起了听到这些话时的具体情境，眼前浮现出了说话人的模样。友人感慨：真过瘾。

    在一种语言中浸润得深入长久，才有资格进入它的内部，感知它的种种微妙和玄奥，那些羽毛上的光色一样的波动，青瓷上的釉彩一般的韵味。几乎只有母语，我们从牙牙学语时就亲吻的语言，才应允我们做到这一点。

    关于母语，英文里的一个说法，最有情感温度，也最能准确地贴近本质：mother tongue．直译就是“妈妈的舌头”。从妈妈舌头上发出的声音，是生命降临时听到的最初的声音，浸润着爱的声音。多么深邃动人的诗意！在母语的呼唤、吟唱和诵读中，我们张开眼睛，看到万物，理解生活，认识生命。

    诗作为浓缩提炼过的语言，是语言的极致。它可以作为标尺，衡量一个人对一种语言熟悉和理解的程度。“眼看他起高楼，眼看他宴宾客，眼看他楼坍了”，说的是世事沧桑，人生无常。“而今识尽愁滋味，欲说还休。欲说还休，却道天凉好个秋”，说的是心绪流转，昨日迢遥。没有历史文化为之打底，没有人生经历作为铺垫，就难以深入地感受和理解其间的沉痛和哀伤，无奈和迷茫。它们宜于意会，难以言传。

    每一种语言都连接着一种文化，通向一种共同的记忆。文化有着自己的基因，被封存在作为载体和符号的特有的语言中，仿佛一千零一夜的故事中，阿里巴巴的山洞里，藏着稀世的珍宝。

    “芝麻开门吧！”咒语念起，山洞石门訇然敞开，堆积的珠宝浮光跃彩。

    但洞察和把握一种语言的奥秘，不需要咒语，时间是最重要的条件。在一种语言中沉浸得足够久了，自然就会了解其精妙。有如窖藏老酒，被时光层层堆叠，然后醇香。瓜熟蒂落，风生水起，到了一定的时候，语言中的神秘和魅惑，次第显影。音调的升降平仄中，笔画的横竖撇捺里，有花朵摇曳的姿态，水波被风吹拂出的纹路，阳光下明媚的笑容，暗夜里隐忍的啜泣。

    对绝大多数人来说，只有母语，才有这样的魅力和魄力，承担和覆盖。日升月落，春秋代序；昼夜不舍的流水，亘古沉默的荒野；鹰隼呼啸着射向天空，羊群蠕动成地上的云团；一颗从眼角滑落的泪珠有怎样的哀怨，一声自喉咙迸发的呐喊有怎样的愤懑。一切，都被母语捕捉和绾结，表达和诉说。

    我骄傲于自己母语的强大生命力，五千年的漫长历史，灾祸连绵，兵燹不绝，而一个个方块汉字，就是一块块砖石，当它们排列衔接时看，遍仿佛垒砌了一个广阔而坚固的壁垒，牢牢守卫了一种古老的文化，庇护了一代代呼吸沐浴着它的气息的亿兆的灵魂。

    童年在农村度过，记事不久的年龄，有一年夏天，大人在睡午觉，我独自走出屋门到外面玩，追着一只蹦蹦跳跳的兔子，不小心走远了，一直走进村外一片茂密的树林中，迷路了，害怕得大哭。但四周没人听到，只好在林子里乱走。过了好久，终于从树干的缝隙间，望见了村头一户人家的屋檐。

    一颗悬空的心倏地落地了。

    对于长期漂泊在外的人，母语熟悉的音调，带给他的正应该是这样的一种返归家园之感，一个汉语的子民，寄居他乡，母语便是故乡的方言土语；置身异国，母语便是方块的中文汉字。“官秩加身应谬得，乡音到耳是真归”，故乡的语言，母语的最为具体直观的形式，甚至关联到了存在的确凿感。

    因为时时相与，反而熟视无睹。就像对于一尾悠然游弋的鱼儿，水的环抱和裹抉是自然而然的，不需要去意识和诘问的，但一当因某种缘故离开了那个环境，就会感受到置身盛夏沙漠中般的窒息。被拘禁于全然陌生的语言中，一个人也仿佛涸辙之鲋，最渴望母语的濡沫。那亲切的音节声调，是一股直透心底的清凉水流。

    每一种语言的子民们，在自己母语的河流中，泅渡，游憩，俯仰，沉醉，吟咏，创造出灿烂的文化，并经由翻译传播，成为说着不同语言的人们共同的精神财富。以诗歌为证，《鲁拜集》中波斯大诗人伽亚谟及时行乐的咏叹，和《古诗十九首》里汉代中国人生命短暂的感喟，贯穿了相通的哲学追问；中世纪的意大利，彼特拉克对心上人劳拉的十四行诗倾诉，和晚唐洛阳城里，李商隐写给不知名恋人的无题七律，或者隽永清新，或者宛转迷离，各有一种入骨的缠绵，让不同的语言彼此尊重，在交流中使各自的美质得到彰显和分享。

    热爱来自母亲的舌尖上的声音，应该被视为是一个人的职责，他的伦理的基点，他可以走向天高地阔，但母语是他的出发地，是他不断向前伸延的生命坐标轴线上，那一处不变的原点。

    （原载《光明日报》，有删节）

    【1】作者回忆童年迷路的经历，在文中有什么作用？

    答：_____________________________________________________________________

    _________________________________________________________________________

    【2】赏析文中画线的文字。

    答：_____________________________________________________________________

    _________________________________________________________________________

    【3】作者深情地诠释了母语的多重意义，请结合全文加以概括。

    答：_____________________________________________________________________

    _________________________________________________________________________

    【4】下列对文章的理解与分析，不正确的两项是（ ）

    A．文中引用英语mother tongue，是为了引出“妈妈的舌头”这一形象说法，强调母语的温馨可亲。

    B．作者用“羽毛上的光色一样的波动”“青瓷上的釉彩一般的韵味”来形容母语的微妙和玄奥，是说母语宜于意会，难以言传。

    C．文中引用阿里巴巴的故事，旨在说明封存在语言中的文化基因如珠宝般珍贵。

    D．文中列举“昼夜不舍的流水”“亘古沉默的荒野”“一颗从眼角滑落的泪珠”等意象，意在说明，只有用母语才能准确言说它们的内在情韵。

    E．文章融记叙、议论、抒情为一体，引经据典，华美而不失厚重，有较深的文化意蕴。

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