【题目】“妥协”一词,在现代汉语词典中被解释为:用让步的方法避免冲突或争执。阅读下列材料。
材料一 ……唯一摆脱困境(人们彼此妨害)的方式则是互相妥协。通过契约的方式建立国家,制定法律,调整人们之间的利益。
——古希腊思想家伊壁鸠鲁
现代民主政治都是妥协的产物。因此也可以说,一个民族不善于妥协,就不可能走向真正的民主。
——马克垚《世界文明史》
材料二 武昌起义的第四天,清廷启用袁世凯,督师南下剿灭革命党。不久,袁世凯集清朝军政大权于一身。面对全国如火如荼的革命起义,袁世凯提出召开国会,宽容武昌起义人士,并释放了喻培伦、汪精卫等革命党人。……袁世凯一路南下,11月1日攻占武昌,数日内又攻占汉阳。即使如此,袁世凯认为“此次鄂变,事虽仓猝,蓄谋已久……若悉索敝赋,力与一战,未尝不能收复一二省……然彼众若狂,醉心民主,兵力所能平等土地,而不能平定人心矣。”此时的革命党阵营内部,张謇等立宪派支持和谈,黄兴也于11月9日写给袁世凯的信中期待他“以拿破仑、华盛顿之资格,出而建拿破仑、华盛顿之事功……非但湘鄂人民拥戴明公为拿破仑、华盛顿,即南方各省无不拱手听命者。”最终,南北双方经过在民主共和与君主立宪等多个问题上的协商、妥协,最终达成议和。清帝颁布《清帝逊位诏书》,中华民国参议院通过《中华民国临时约法》。
——《袁世凯的妥协与南北议和》、《南北议和新论》等整理
(1)根据材料一并结合所学知识,用史实说明古代西方和近代西方的政治中是如何体现妥协的。
(2)根据材料二,概括辛亥革命中南北妥协的背景,并结合所学知识,概括南北妥协的结果。
(3)高全喜等学者认为辛亥革命是中国版的“光荣革命”。根据材料二及所学知识,谈谈你对这一观点的认识。
【答案】(1)古希腊:民主政治的建立体现平民与旧贵族的妥协或古罗马《十二铜表法》是贵族和平民的妥协;罗马法的不断完善(或万民法)就是各种力量调和的结果。
近代西方:英国的光荣革命、《权利法案》是贵族与资产阶级妥协的结果;美国1787年宪法体现了大州与小州、南方与北方的妥协。
(2)背景:袁世凯镇压起义,提倡议和;革命阵营内部分化。
结果:清帝退位,结束两千多年的封建君主专制;袁世凯当选临时大总统,形式上实现全国的民主共和。
(3)提示:可从正反两面分析,只要言之成理,亦可酌情给分。
同意这一观点。辛亥革命以南北议和的方式结束中国两千多年的封建君主专制制度;推动民族资本主义经济发展;《清帝逊位诏书》和《临时约法》体现以法理形式和妥协的方式,和平实现中华民国的最终确立。
不同意这一观点。革命党人在推翻清政府的过程中有大量流血起义。辛亥革命中的议和以袁世凯等旧官僚为主导。从结果看,辛亥革命后并未实现真正的民主共和,没有改变中国半殖民地半封建的社会性质。
【解析】(1)材料一中伊壁鸠鲁主张用妥协的法式解决问题,维护双方的利益和推动社会的进步,在明确含义的基础上找出古希腊、古罗马政治发展中的具体妥协事例即可;近代以来英国的“光荣革命”堪称妥协斗争的典范,美国在制定1787年宪法中也大量体现着妥协精神。
(2)第一小问,背景结合材料可总结为武昌起义后,袁世凯镇压革命,提倡议和,革命阵营内部分化。第二小问,结果为清帝退位,袁世凯当上临时大总统,形式上确立了民主共和政体。
(3)本题是开放性的题目,对考生的能力要求较高。做这样的题目首先要审题,确定好主题,注意观点要明确;其次,要围绕主题,认真组织材料,论证要求史论结合、论从史出,言之有理,论证要充分,史论结合要注意思维的逻辑性。
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【题目】阅读材料,完成下列要求。
材料 1859年达尔文发表《物种起源》,提出进化论。该学说很快流传到世界各地,衍生出社会达尔文主义。
英国人斯宾塞最早将进化论推广到人类社会,他认为竞争能够创造出优秀的社会和最优秀的人,穷人是无法适应竞争环境的人,最好任其死掉。德国学者认为,不同种族为生存空间而斗争,成功的种族必将扩大其生存空间。美国学者认为,达尔文的新方法解释了现实世界中“合适”的白种人自然地凌驾于其他“退化”了的有色人种之上的现象。
1895年,严复翻译《天演论》,宣扬人类同样适用“进者存而传焉,不进者病而亡焉”的思想。1912年,中国工业建设会认为“建设我新社会,以竞胜争存,而所谓产业革命者,今也其时矣。”1916年,陈独秀认为:“求适今世之生存,则根本问题,不可不首先输入西洋式社会国家之基础。”
根据材料并结合所学,评价进化论。(说明:本题为开放性试题,要求评价角度明确,史论结合、史实准确)
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【题目】下表是第二次鸦片战争中主要战役的中外兵力对比情况(单位:人)。此表主要反映
战役 | 时间 | 英 | 法 | 英法联军 | 中国军队 |
第一次广州战役 | 1856.10 | 439 | 15000 | ||
虎门之战 | 1856.11 | 1380 | 1700 | ||
第一次大沽战 | 1858.5 | 660 | 518 | 1178 | 10000 |
八里桥之战 | 1860.9 | 3500 | 1500 | 5000 | 34000 |
A.清政府的腐败无能 B.英法综合实力强大
C.清军顽强抵抗 D.清朝军队装备陈旧
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【题目】“教育是一个民族最根本的事业”——邓小平
材料一 董仲舒按人性把人分为上中下三个等级,占人口多数的“中民”是教育的主要对象。他主张设立各级学校,教授儒家经典,将他们培养为“笃于礼薄于利”“以天下为忧”的君子,以使得“教化大行,天下和洽”。
古罗马教育家昆体良(35—95年)认为,学校教育优于家庭教育,培养演说家是公民教育的重要目标。他还认为,完美的演说家“不能仅有超群的演说天赋,还要有完美的品格”“能尽公民之义务,能在公私事务中完成使命,能以忠告引导国家,能以立法奠定其雄厚基础”。
(1)阅读材料一,概括董仲舒和昆体良教育主张的相同点。
材料二 严复认为:“西之教平等,故以公治众而贵自由”“讲教育者,其事常三宗:曰体育,曰智育,曰德育,三者并重”。
1912年,蔡元培批评清政府的教育宗旨说:“忠君与共和政体不合,尊孔与信教自由相违。”同年,中华民国教育部公布的《教育宗旨》规定:“注重道德教育,以实利教育、军国民教育辅之,更以美感教育完成其道德。”
1957年,毛泽东提出:“我们的教育方针,应该使受教育者在德育、智育、体育几方面都得到发展,成为有社会主义觉悟的有文化的劳动者。”
1995年,《中华人民共和国教育法》规定:“教育必须为社会主义现代化建设服务,必须与生产劳动相结合,培养德、智、体等方面全面发展的社会主义事业的建设者和接班人。”
(2)阅读材料二,概括中国近现代教育目标的特点;结合时代背景对此进行分析。
材料三 人文教育是欧洲教育的传统。19世纪,英国知识界对教育的内容展开争论。一派认为,科学(自然科学和应用科学)应该是教育的主体内容,它是文明的基础和核心,是国家富强之所在。教育不能只培养绅士,而是要满足社会的现实需要,但科学在教育中几乎没有获得应有的分量。另一派则认为,古典人文科目(语言、文学、哲学、历史、数学等)仍然应该是教育的核心内容。人文教育不仅追求纯粹知识,还是人类实现美、快乐、自由和道德的途径。类似的争论在近现代很多国家都发生过。
(3)①概述这一教育争论在英国出现的时代背景。
②教育内容既受限于历史时代,又对历史发展产生影响。你如何看待上述教育争论中的观点?运用中外历史发展进程中的重要史实加以论述。
要求:观点明确,史实充分,史论结合,逻辑清晰。
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【题目】Tu Youyou has become the first Chinese woman scientist to win _______ 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for her work in helping to create ________ anti-malaria medicine.
A. the; an B. a; 不填 C. a; an D. a; the
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【题目】A
In early autumn I applied for admission to college. I wanted to go nowhere but to Cornell University, but my mother fought strongly against it. When she saw me studying a photograph of my father on the sports ground of Cornell, she tore it up.
“You can't say it's not a great university, just because Papa went there.”
“That's not it at all. And it is a top university.” She was still holding the pieces in her hand. “But we can't afford to send you to college.”
“I wouldn't dream of asking you for money. Do you want me to get a job to help support you and Papa? Things aren't that bad, are they?”
“No” she said. “I don't expect you to help support us.”
Father borrowed money from his rich cousins to start a small jewellery shop. His chief customers were his old college friends. To get new customers, my mother had to help. She picked up a longforgotten membership in the local league of women, so that she could get to know more people. Whether those people would turn into customers was another question. I knew that my parents had to wait for quite a long time before their small investment (投资) could show returns. What's more, they had not wanted enough to be rich and successful; otherwise they could not possibly have managed their lives so badly.
I was torn between the desire to help them and change their lives, and the determination not to repeat their mistakes. I had a strong belief in my power
【1】According to the text, in that autumn the author made up his mind ____________.
A. to start a small jewellery shop.
B. to get to know more people.
C. to carry on with his father's business.
D. to be admitted into his dream university.
【2】The author was not permitted to attend Cornell University mainly because ________.
A. his parents did not have abundant money for him
B. his mother did not think it a top university
C. his parents expected him to help support the family
D. his father dropped out of the university
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A. a local league B. his relatives
C. his customers D. his college friends
【4】Why did the mother renew her membership in the league?
A. To help with her husband's business.
B. To help her son to enter colleges.
C. To meet her longforgotten friends.
D. To make herself lead a peaceful life.
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【题目】根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
5 Tips for Healthy, White Teeth
1. Throw away your toothbrush or electric toothbrush head every two to three months. 【1】 According to dentist Harold Katz, the best way to brush is by placing your toothbrush at a 45-degree angle against your gums (牙龈) and gently moving it in a circular motion.
2. Use a tongue scraper (刮刀) every morning to remove tongue plaque (舌斑) and freshen breath. One cause of bad breath is the build-up of bacteria on the tongue, which a daily tongue scraping will help banish (消除). 【2】3. Eat “detergent (洗涤剂)” foods that are firm or crisp to help clean teeth as you munch (咀嚼). 【3】 For best results, make “detergent” foods the final food you eat in your meal if you know you won’t be able to brush your teeth after eating.
4. Stay fresh. Check by licking (舔) your palm and smelling it while it’s wet. If you smell something, it’s time for a sugar-free breath mint (薄荷). Shopping for mouthwash? 【4】 Mouthwashes with too much alcohol can dry out mouth tissue, making it more prone (易于) to bacteria.
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A. Make sure it’s alcohol free.
B. Apples are good, as are raw carrots, celery
C. Otherwise, you’re just transferring bacteria to your mouth.
D. However, the bacteria won’t be staying on the top of your tongue.
E. It’s more effective than brushing your tongue with a toothbrush too.
F. When you sleep without bacteria in your mouth, you will feel much better.
G. It’s also important to brush first thing in the morning to remove plaque and bacteria built up as you slept.
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【题目】短文改错
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误,每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧),并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除:把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
修改:在错的词下划一横线,并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意:1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;
2.只允许修改10处,多者(从第11处起)不计分。
Dear John,
I’m writing to you to expressing my sincere appreciation for all the help you had offered to me these years. Your friendship means a lot to me, but your timely help touches me a lot. I always feel lucky to have a friend as you.
I also want to express my sincere sorrow and regret for possible misunderstanding and hurt I gave you them before. I remember once I didn’t attend your birthday party, that made you very unhappy. Actually I had big quarrel with my parents and I was really in low spirit then. I hope you could forgive me.
Good luck and best wishes for you! I hope you can be happier every day and successful in the future.
Yours,
Li Hua
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