【题目】Every possible means __________ to prevent air pollution, but the sky is still not clear.

A. are being used

B. have been used

C. has been used

D. had been used

【题目】阅读下面的文字，完成下题。

艺术品的接受在过去并不被看作是重要的美学问题，20世纪解释学兴起，一个名为“接受美学”的美学分支应运而生，于是研究艺术品的接受成为艺术美学中的显学。

过去，通常只是从艺术家的立场出发，将创作看作艺术家审美经验的结晶过程，作品完成就意味着创作完成。而从接受美学的角度来看，这一完成并不说明创作已经终结，它只说明创作的第一阶段告一段落，接下来是读者或观众、听众的再创作。由于未被阅读的作品的价值包括审美价值仅仅是一种可能的存在，只有通过阅读，它才转化为现实的存在，因此对作品的接受具有艺术本体的意义，也就是说，接受者也是艺术创作的主体之一。

艺术文本即作品对于接受者来说具有什么意义呢？接受美学的创始人、德国的伊瑟尔说艺术文本是一个“召唤结构”，因为文本有“空白”“空缺”“否定”三个要素。所谓“空白”，是说它有一些东西没有表达出来，作者有意不写或不明写，要接受者用自己的生活经验与想象去补充；所谓“空缺”，是语言结构造成的各个图像间的空白，接受者在阅读文本时要把一个个句子表现的图像片断连接起来，整合成一个有机的图像系统；所谓“否定”，指文本对接受者生活的现实具有否定的功能，它能引导接受者对现实进行反思和批判。由此可见，文本的召唤性需要接受者呼应和配合，完成艺术品的第二次创作。正如中国古典美学中的含蓄与简洁，其有限的文字常常引发出读者脑海中的丰富意象。

接受者作为主体，他对文本的接受不是被动的。海德格尔提出“前理解”，即理解前的心理文化结构，这种结构影响着理解。理解不可能是文本意义的重现，而只能是文本与“前理解”的统一。这样，文本与接受就呈现出一种相互作用的关系：一方面文本在相当程度上规定了接受者理解的范围、方向，让理解朝它的本义靠拢；另一方面，文本不可能将接受者完全制约住、规范住，接受者必然会按照自己的方式去理解作品，于是不可避免地就会出现误读或创造。从某种意义上说，理解就是误读，创造也是误读，不要希望所有的接受者都持同样的理解，也不要希望所有的理解都与艺术家的本旨一致，那样并不意味着艺术作品的成功。

文本一经产生就成为历史，它所表达的思想感情、所反映的生活，都只能是过去的，而理解总是现在进行时。当我们接受历史上的艺术作品时，我们当然可以设身处地想象古人的生活，体验古人的思想感情，但我们毕竟是现代人，只能按照我们现在的心理文化结构去理解古人。当然，任何理解都只能是个体的理解，但个体毕竟是与群体相通的，所以个体的理解中也有普遍性。理解作为现实的行为具有通向实践的品格，艺术品正是通过理解走向现实，并在生活中发挥作用的。不是别的，正是理解擦亮了艺术品的生命之光。

（摘编自陈望衡《艺术是什么》）

下列关于原文内容的表述，不正确的一项是（ ）

A．在过去，艺术品的接受并不属于美学的研究范围，而当接受美学诞生以后，关于艺术品的接受的研究就成为艺术美学中的一门显学。

B．在接受美学诞生以前，人们一般的认识是：整个创作过程就是艺术家的审美经验不断结晶的过程，艺术品一旦形成，创作也就大功告成。

C．接受美学认为，艺术品在艺术家手中产生出来，这只是艺术创作的第一阶段，读者、观众、听众对艺术品的接受是艺术创作的继续。

D．通过读者、观众和听众的接受，艺术作品的价值才从一种可能的存在转化为现实的存在，从这个意义上说，接受也属于艺术创作的一部分。

【题目】阅读下面的文字，完成下题。

一切传统都是过去的东西，但并非一切过去的东西都是传统。可是，过去确系传统的一个重要特征，我们不能离开过去与现在的关系而谈传统。

传统都有其“原本”，原本是传统的始发言行。传统的始发言行有其特定的原初行动者、特定的受动者，还有其特定的叫作参照系的现实环境。在传统的原本中，所有这些都是特定的、不能代替的。

随着时间的推移和历史的进展，原本逐步地被认为是具有权威性的、天经地义的、带有信仰性质的东西而为群体所接受，成为凝聚群体的力量，这样，原本也就逐步地形成为传统。特别值得注意的是，传统逐步形成的过程也是一个逐步远离原本的过程。这里所说的远离，是指原初行动者、受动者和当时的参照系已消失而成为过去。这样，传统在形成过程中就取得了相对独立于原本所处的参照系以及原初说话人、原初受话人的自主性。

正是这种远离或自主性，打破了原本的限制，扩大了原本的范围，丰富了原本的含义。这里的关键在于解释。在新的参照系之下对原本作新的解释，这就是传统远离原本的原因。任何一个写下来的作品，一旦公之于世，它就是向广大的人群说话，不仅是向同时代人说话，而且是向后来人说话。作为受话人的读者不仅有同时代人，而且有后来人。读者可以对写作的原本作出各不相同的回应，这些回应都是根据读者自己所处的参照系对原本所作的新解释。可以说，传统的原本在形成为传统的过程中，不断地参照变化了的环境。在后来的一连串读者面前展开一系列不断更新的世界。写作的原本是如此，行动的原本也是这样。传统的行动痕迹往往出乎原初行动者的始料之所及，自有后来人的评说——解释。

这样看，传统形成的过程本身便是一个传统不断更新、不断开放、不断壮大的过程。传统本来就具有两面性，它在形成和发展过程中，既因新的参照系与之相摩擦而不断更新自己，又因其偏执性而抗拒摩擦，力图使自身永恒化。可以说，传统既是摩擦的结果，又是对摩擦的抗拒。那种把传统一味看成凝固不变而无更新的观点是错误的、不符合史实的。因此，在对待传统的问题上，我们应当根据新的参照系，对旧传统作出新的评价和解释，这样才能使传统展开为有生命的东西。

（选自张世英《我看国学——传统与现代》，有删改）

从原文看，下列对“原本”的理解，正确的一项是（ ）

A．原本是传统的具有特定原初行动者、受动者、参照系的始发言行。

B．原本指权威性的、天经地义的、带有信仰性质的凝聚群体的东西。

C．原本是原初行动者、受动者和参照系已消失并成为过去的过程。

D．原本指有自主性的相对独立于原初参照系、说话人、受话人的传统。

【题目】As far as I am concerned, what he made in his speech is just a (n) __________, nothing serious.

A. choice

B. excuse

C. statement

D. slip

【题目】 If you’re ever apart from your children, just talking on the phone will help just as much as a hug.

If you’re a parent who spends long hours on the job, you probably feel guilty for spending so much time away from your kids. But the results of a new study show that a mother’s voice alone can be just as comforting to an anxious child as physical contact.

In an experiment, researchers from the University of Wisconsin-Madison asked a group of girls between the ages of 7 and 12 to solve math problems in front of judges — a stressful situation for anyone. Before the girls were set to give their answers, the researchers measured their levels of two hormones (荷尔蒙): cortisol, which goes up during stressful periods, and oxytocin, the “love” hormone.

After they were finished, some of the girls got to meet up with their mothers right away. The moms came in and hugged the girls. Another group of the girls didn’t see their mothers, but received phone calls from them, in which their mothers told them how well they’d done. The final group had no contact with their mothers, but instead watched an animal movie, March of the Penguins.

Finally, the girls’ hormone levels were measured again. Although the movie was interesting, it did nothing to ease the children’s anxiety — but, surprisingly, both the physical contact and phone calls from their mothers had the same influence on reducing the girls’ stress levels.

So, no matter how old you are, if you’re feeling stresed about something in your life, a phone call to Mom might be just the key to help you feel better.

【1】 How does the writer make his point?

A. By showing an experiment by him.

B. By showing the results of a study.

C. By telling an interesting story.

D. By giving some data.

【2】 The new study finds that ____.

A. kids don’t need their mothers so much

B. a mother’s voice can comfort her anxious kid

C. kids get less anxious with their mothers nearby

D. mothers haven’t spent enough time with their kids

【3】 What is the CORRECT time order of the events in the study?

a. The girls solved their math problems.

b. The girls’ levels of hormones were measured again.

c. The girls were divided into three groups.

d. The girls’ levels of hormones were measured.

A. a, c, d, b

B. c, a, d, b

C. d, a, c, b

D. d, c, a, b

【4】 The final group was arranged to _____.

A. hug their parents

B. watch a boring movie

C. watch an interesting movie

D. give their parents a phone call

【5】 What does the underlined word in the second last paragraph probably mean?

A. Notice.

B. Develop.

C. Replace.

D. Reduce.

【题目】Dear readers,

I receive many letters from children and can’t answer them all — there wouldn’t be enough time in a day. I’ll try to answer some of the questions that are commonly asked.

Where did I get the idea for Stuart Little and for Charlotte's Web? Well, many years ago, I went to bed one night in a railway sleeping car, and during the night I dreamed about a tiny boy who acted rather like a mouse. That’s how the story of Stuart Littlegot started.

As for Charlotte’s Web, I like animals and my farm is a very pleasant place to be — at all hours. One day, when I was on my way to feed the pig, I began feeling sorry for the pig because, like most pigs, he was going to die. This made me sad. So I started thinking of ways to save a pig’s life. Three years after I started writing it, it was published. (I am not a fast worker, as you can see.)

Sometimes I’m asked when I started to write, and what made me want to write. I started early — as soon as I could spell. Children often find pleasure and satisfaction through trying to set their thoughts down on paper, either in words or in pictures. I was not good at drawing, so I used words instead. As I grew older, I found that writing can be a way of earning a living.

Well, here is the answer to the last question. No, they are imaginary tales, containing fantastic characters and events. In real life, a family doesn’t have a child who looks like a mouse and a spider doesn’t write words in her web. Although my stories are imaginary, I like to think that there is some truth in them, too — truth about the way people and animals feel and think and act.

Yours sincerely,

E.B. White

【1】E.B. White wrote this letter to _____.

A. introduce his new books

B. introduce two funny stories

C. explain why he enjoys writing

D. answer some readers’ questions

【2】We can know from the passage that E.B. White is a writer who ______.

A. writes very fast

B. works on a friend’s farm

C. mainly writes stories for adults

D. writes imaginary tales for children

【3】 What inspired E.B. White to write Charlotte's Web?

A. He wanted children to love animals.

B. He was deeply impressed by a clever pig.

C. He wanted to use his own way to save a pig.

【4】 The reason why E.B. White started to write is to ______.

A. improve his spelling B. express his thoughts

C. show his sadness D. make a good living

【5】 What is probably the last question?

A. Are your stories true?

B. What is the truth in your stories?

C. Will you write more imaginary tales?

D. Do you know a child looking like a mouse?

【题目】阅读下面的文字，完成各题。

春秋战国是一个动乱时期，所谓“春秋无义战”就反映了那个时代的本质。但是从另一角度看，正是由于那时大一统的中央集权尚未形成，所以“百家争鸣，百花齐放”的局面才得以出现。稍懂一点中国历史的人都知道，那时候，作为知识分子的“士”阶层能够通过各种途径、场合比较自由地发表自己的看法，通过“游说”来谋求改变自己的地位，实现自己的政治理想。这样便在一方面充分地挖掘出他们自己的智慧，另一方面纷乱的世界日益呈现出其不合理性，“礼崩乐坏”，旧的秩序破坏了，新秩序尚未建立，又使社会呈现出许多荒废的现象。而知识分子对宇宙和人生则有一种比较稳定的看法，诚如孟子所云：“无恒产而有恒心者，惟士为能。”（《孟子·梁惠王上》）正是由于“士”阶层有他们的“恒心”，亦即有自己比较固定的思想信念，具备了超过一般人的智慧，所以他们能对纷繁不合理的世界持批判的态度。一方面不满意现实，一方面面对现实又无可奈何。所以他们往往以游戏的态度把人事和物态的乖舛、丑拙、鄙劣当作一种有趣的东西加以嘲弄乃至欣赏，用“笑”来撕破笼罩在各种人物关系上的假面具，使其露出滑稽可笑的真面目，幽默于是就这样产生了。

此外，先秦各国宫廷里还活跃着另外一种人物——优。这一点同英法古代宫廷的情景差不多。《左传》《国语》《战国策》诸书里都提到过“优”的存在，《史记》更是堂而皇之地列了《滑稽列传》，为优伶作传。汉初以优俳身份侧身朝廷的，有东方朔、枚皋等人。这种人物往往也能在政治舞台上扮演幽默的角色。先秦时期，各国国君是主人，臣下百姓是奴仆，给皇帝提意见称为“谏”，这是一件很危险的事。但是倡优可以是例外，他们能以戏谑的态度，用常人所不敢的滑稽、幽默的语言和动作逗国君或皇帝高兴，甚至与国君开玩笑，顺便进行讽谏，这便是所谓的“谲谏”。著名的优孟以及汉代的东方朔都玩过这一类花样，他们的一些故事早已成为中国人所熟悉的典故了。

总起来说，先秦至两汉的幽默最常见的是讽谏、滑稽一类事件，而最善于创造这类幽默的有两种人：一是具有高度文化修养和智慧的诸子和“游说”的谋士；二是那些善于“谈言微中，亦可以解纷”的滑稽多智的“优”“俳”。正是这两类人在先秦、秦汉宫廷中上演了一幕幕幽默的滑稽剧。这些宫廷滑稽剧让人们笑了两千余年，至今仍未完全失去魅力，仍然可以使人再笑若干年代。

（节选自赵志伟《幽默的中国人》）

【1】下列对春秋战国时期“士”阶层的行为的介绍，不符合原文意思的一项是（ ）

A．春秋战国时期“士”阶层能够通过各种途径和场合比较自由地表达出自己的看法。

B．春秋战国时期“士”阶层以较固定的思想信念对纷繁不合理的世界持批判的态度。

C．春秋战国时期“士”阶层对“礼崩乐坏”的社会现实不满意可是他们又无可奈何。

D．春秋战国时期“士”阶层以游戏的态度来赞赏那些有趣的或是丑恶的人事和物态。

【2】下列对“谲谏”有关内容的阐述，符合原文意思的一项是（ ）

A．“谲谏”是用滑稽、幽默的语言和动作与国君开玩笑，逗国君高兴，顺便进行讽谏。

B．“谲谏”源于汉初，代表人物东方朔、枚皋等人以优俳身份在朝廷中扮演幽默的角色。

C．“谲谏”是没有任何危险的，以戏谑的态度给国君或皇帝提意见，他们会愉快地接受。

D．“谲谏”的故事连篇累牍，先秦著名的优孟以及汉代的东方朔是古代家喻户晓的笑星。

【3】根据原文提供的信息，下列推断正确的一项是（ ）

A．春秋战国是一个动乱的时期，可以产生幽默，可见大一统的中央集权条件下是不容易产生幽默的。

B．戏谑的态度，幽默的语言和动作，是优俳与君王打交道的手段，破坏旧秩序，建立新秩序才是目的。

C．《左传》《国语》《战国策》诸书里都写过“优”，说明“优”在政治舞台上也扮演着重要角色。

D．先秦两汉的诸子、谋士以及“优”“俳”创造的以讽谏、滑稽为主的幽默，至今还有一定的魅力。

【题目】President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama ended their first trip to India on Monday. The First Couple set off on the ten-day tour of Asia on Friday. Obama’s goals for the tour are to improve ties between the US and the region, and to promote (促进) economic growth and job creation. The President and his team will return to Washington, D.C. on November 14.

The Obamas began their trip in Mumbai, India, the financial and economic center of the country, on November 6. There, they met with government officials, business leaders and school groups. Up first on the schedule was a visit to a memorial at the TajMahal Palace and Tower Hotel. Obama’s second day in India was lighter than the first. The Presidential visit took place on Diwali, or the Festival of Lights. The five-day religious festival is celebrated each year by Hindus, Sikhs and others. The Obamas spent the holiday visiting with local schoolchildren.

On Monday, Michelle Obama joined 15 Indian school girls on a field trip to a museum of Indian craft work. During the tour, the First Lady stressed to the students the importance of education. Most of the children on the trip are the first girls in their families to attend school. Mrs Obama also encouraged the young women to stay fit, telling them that she likes to exercise because “women have to stay strong”.

Early tomorrow, the Obamas will travel to Indonesia, the country in which the President spent four years as a boy. After that, they will fly to Seoul, South Korea, to attend the Group of Twenty, or G-20, economic summit. The conference brings together leaders from 20 wealthy and developing nations and the European Union. They meet twice a year to address challenges that affect the global economy.

The final leg of the tour will be in Japan, where Obama will attend the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit.

【1】 According to Paragraph 1, what are the goals for the ten-day tour?

a. To improve ties between the US and Asia.

b. To do sight-seeing in the countries.

c. To help economy grow faster.

d. To help create more jobs.

A. abc

B. acd

C. ad

D. abcd

【2】What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?

A. What the First Couple did in India.

B. How long the First Couple stayed in India.

C. Introduction to a traditional holiday in India.

D. What the First Couple thought of their tour in India.

【3】 During the field trip to a museum of Indian craft work, the First Lady _____.

A. asked why only the first girls could go to school

B. told the students the importance of craft work

C. explained why women must stay strong

D. encouraged the students to study hard

【4】 We can know from the passage that Mr Obama _____.

A. will stay in Indonesia for four days

B. will stay in Japan for the shortest time

C. hasn’t attended the Group of Twenty before

D. will attend an important conference in Seoul

【5】 How many countries does the First Couple plan to visit in total in their tn-day tour in Asia?

A. 3.

B. 4.

C. 5.

D. 6.