Question

14．All of us exist in‘bodies'of different shapes，heights，colors and physical abilities．The main reasons for the differences are genetic，and the fact that people's bodies change as they age．However，a huge range of research indicates that there are social factors too．
Poorer people are more likely to eat‘unhealthy'foods，to smoke cigarettes and to be employed in physically difficult work or the opposite：boring，inactive employment．Moreover，their housing conditions and neighbourhoods tend to be worse．All of these factors impact upon the condition of a person's health：the physical shapes of bodies are strongly influenced by social factors．
These social factors are also closely linked to emotional wellbeing．People with low or no incomes are more likely to have mental health problems．It is not clear，however，whether poverty causes mental illness，or whether it is the other way around．For example，certain people with mental health issues may be at risk of becoming homeless，just as a person who is homeless may have an increased risk of illnesses such as depression．
There are other types of social factors too．Bodies are young or old，short or tall，big or small，weak or strong．Whether these judgments matter and whether they are positive or negative depends on the cultural and historical context．In fact，the culture of different societies promote very different valuations of body shapes．What is considered as attractive or ugly，normal or abnormal varies enormously．Currently，for example，in rich societies the idea of slimness is highly valued，but historically this was different．In most societies the ideal body shape for a woman was a‘full figure'，while in middle-aged man，a large stomach indicated that they were financially successful in life．
Sociologists are suggesting that we should not just view bodies and minds in biological terms，but also in social terms．The physical body and what we seek to do with it change over time and society．This has important implications for medicine and ideas of health．Thus，the idea of people being‘overweight'is physically related to large amounts of processed food，together with lack of exercise，and is therefore a medical issue．However，it has also become a mental health issue and social problem as a result of people coming to define this particular body shape as‘wrong'and unhealthy．
（Note：Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS．）
78．Besides social factors，what are the other two reasons for differences in bodies？Genes and aging．
79．The social factors are likely to have a great effect on people'sphysical healthandmental health．
80．Valuations of body shapes change withculture and history．
81．The"This"in the last paragraph refers toviewing bodies and minds in social terms．

Answer 1

分析 本文为说明文．介绍基因使我们每个人在外表，年龄等各方面表现出不同．但最新的研究表明社会因素也会带来变化．

解答 78．Genes and aging．第一段提到了"genetic"，"age"，"a huge range of research indicates that there are social factors too"三个原因．
79．physical health and mental health  第二段最后提到社会因素的第一个影响即"the physical shapes of bodies are strongly influenced by social factors．"，在第三段提到了"emotional wellbeing"，总结为两个方面，身体上的和心理上的．
80．culture and history 根据第四段"Whether these judgments matter and whether they are positive or negative depends on the cultural and historical context．"这句话可以概括出，身体的变化由于文化和历史的原因．
81．viewing bodies and minds in social terms 最后一段"Sociologists are suggesting that we should not just view bodies and minds in biological terms，but also in social terms．"建议我们看待身体和心理不仅要从生物角度而且还要从社会角度来看．

点评 阅读表达话题学生不太感兴趣，难度较大．学生需仔细阅读全文，并注意每段第一句话的大意，找到信息后进行整合重组，并注意字数的限制．