A recent study shows that gossip（流言蜚语）is more powerful than truth．It suggests people believe what they hear through the grapevine(小道消息)__36__they have evidence to the contrary．
Researchers, __37__students using a computer game, also found gossip played an important role when people __38__ decisions．"We show that gossip has a strong __39__, even when people have __40__ to the original information as well as gossip about the same information．Thus, it is __41__ that gossip has a strong controlling potential," said Ralf Sommerfeld, who led the study．
In the study, the researchers __42__ the students money and allowed them to give it to others in a series of rounds．The students also wrote __43__ about how others played the game that everyone could review．Students tended to give __44__ money to people described as “scrooges (吝啬鬼)” and more to those described as “__45__ players”．“People only believed the gossip, not the past decisions," Sommerfeld said in a telephone interview．
The researchers then took the game a step_46_and showed the students the actual decisions people had made．But they also supplied false gossip that contradicted that __47_．In these cases, the students_48_ their decisions to award money on the gossip, __49__ the hard evidence．
“If you know what the people did, you should care, but they still __50__ what others said,” Sommerfeld said．Researchers have __51__ used similar games to study how people cooperate and the __52__ of gossip in groups．Scientists define gossip __53__ social information spread about a person who is not __54__．In evolutionary terms, gossip can be an important tool for people to __55__ information about others' reputations or find the way through social networks at work and in their everyday lives．
36．A．in case B．for fear that C．as if D．even if
37．A．testing B．checking C．examining D．experimenting
38．A．draw B．make C．reach D．conclude
39．A．impression B．difference C．influence D．function
40．A．access B．entrance C．charge D．communication
41．A．curious B．serious C．obvious D．worth
42．A．impressed B．asked C．showed D．gave
43．A．articles B．notes C．dairies D．letters
44．A．less B．more C．fewer D．much
45．A．general B．mean C．generous D．outgoing
46．A．away B．forward C．ahead D．further
47．A．existence B．evidence C．confidence D．dependence
48．A．based B．put C．focused D．passed
49．A．more than B．less than C．rather than D．other than
50．A．referred to B．listened to C．turned to D．stuck to
51．A．soon B．presently C．far D．long
52．A．strength B．energy C．effect D．force
53．A．as B．for C．to D．by
54．A．absent B．present C．gone D．missing
55．A．achieve B．earn C．acquire D．win
36---55 DABCA CDBAC DBACB DCABC
这是一篇议论文。本文议论的主题是：流言比事实更具威力，即：人们更容易听信流言蜚语，即使人们掌握了事实依据, 他们还是更易相信与事实不符的小道消息。
36．D。由首句意思“流言比事实更具威力”可知， 此处需要表示让步的从属连词才能使句子完整，所以even if“纵使，即使”是最佳选项。句意为：即使人们掌握了事实依据, 他们还是更易相信与事实不符的小道消息。
37．A。据德国迈克斯??普兰克研究所负责人、进化生物学家拉尔夫??索姆费尔德介绍，研究人员借助一个电脑游戏对学生们进行测试。testing测试，检测；checking 核实，查实； examining 考试，检查；experimenting实验。
38．B。结果发现，流言在人们做决定的过程中起了重要作用。make a decision作决定，是固定短语。draw/reach /conclude a decision 得出结论。
39．C。即便在研究对象知道了真相的情况下，流言仍有很强的影响力。have a strong influence具有很强的影响力。
40．A。have access to固定短语，意为：有（使用某物或接近某人的）机会或权利或条件。
41．C。由此看来，流言显然具有很强的操纵力。obvious 显然的，明显的。
42．D。在试验过程中，研究人员发给学生们一些钱并让他们分几轮把钱发给其他人。由后面的give it to others in a series of rounds 可知此处是gave。
43．B。学生们还得记录其他同伴在游戏中的所作所为，以供大家参考。write notes作记录，作笔记。
44．A。索姆费尔德说，学生们倾向于发较少的钱给那些被描述为“吝啬鬼”的人，less与下文more 形成对比。
45．C。而发较多的钱给那些“慷慨的玩家”。generous players与上文的scrooges形成对比。
46．D。研究人员又进行了几轮游戏，并在这几轮中告诉大家每个人的真实决定。further进一步地；又。
47．B。但研究人员同时还“散布”了一些与真实依据相矛盾的流言。evidence 证据，依据。
48．A．在这几轮中，学生们仍然根据他们听到的流言来决定发钱的多少。base sth．on sth．依某事物为另一事物的根据/证据。
49．C．而不是根据摆在面前的事实。rather than而不是。other than 除……之外。
50．B。如果你了解了真实情况，那就应该有所考虑，可他们仍然听信流言。listened to倾听，听取。
51．D。研究人员长期用类似的游戏来研究人们如何合作及流言对于团队的影响。 long 长期地。
52．C。effect影响。
53．A。科学家将流言定义为人们散布的有关不在场的人的社会信息。define… as…把……定义为……
54．B．present 在场的，出席的。
55．C。从进化论角度来说，流言是人们获取其他人社会评价信息及游刃于工作和日常生活中各种社会关系网的重要工具。acquire 获取，获得。
科目：高中英语 来源： 题型：阅读理解
D
Next time a customer comes to your office, offer him a cup of coffee. And when you’re doing your holiday shopping online, make sure you’re holding a large glass of iced tea. The physical sensation(感觉) of warmth encourages emotional warmth, while a cold drink in hand prevents you from making unwise decisions—those are the practical lesson being drawn from recent research by psychologist John A. Bargh.
Psychologists have known that one person’s perception(感知) of another’s “warmth” is a powerful determiner in social relationships. Judging someone to be either “warm” or “cold” is a primary consideration, even trumping evidence that a “cold” person may be more capable. Much of this is rooted in very early childhood experiences, Bargh argues, when babies’ conceptual sense of the world around them is shaped by physical sensations, particularly warmth and coldness. Classic studies by Harry Harlow, published in 1958, showed monkeys preferred to stay close to a cloth “mother” rather than one made of wire, even when the wire “mother” carried a food bottle. Harlow’s work and later studies have led psychologists to stress the need for warm physical contact from caregivers to help young children grow into healthy adults with normal social skills.
Feelings of “warmth” and “coldness” in social judgments appear to be universal. Although no worldwide study has been done, Bargh says that describing people as “warm” or “cold” is common to many cultures, and studies have found those perceptions influence judgment in dozens of countries.
To test the relationship between physical and psychological warmth, Bargh conducted an experiment which involved 41 college students. A research assistant who was unaware of the study’s hypotheses(假设), handed the students either a hot cup of coffee, or a cold drink, to hold while the researcher filled out a short information form: The drink was then handed back. After that, the students were asked to rate the personality of “Person A” based on a particular description. Those who had briefly held the warm drink regarded Person A as warmer than those who had held the iced drink.
“We are grounded in our physical experiences even when we think abstractly,” says Bargh.
According to Paragraph 1, a person’s emotion may be affected by ______.
A. the visitors to his office B. the psychology lessons he has
C. his physical feeling of coldness D. the things he has bought online
The author mentions Harlow’s experiment to show that ______.
A. adults should develop social skills B. babies need warm physical contact
C. caregivers should be healthy adults D. monkeys have social relationships
In Bargh’s experiment, the students were asked to ______.
A. evaluate someone’s personality B. write down their hypotheses
C. fill out a personal information form
D. hold coffee and cold drink alternatively
We can infer from the passage that ______.
A. abstract thinking does not come from physical experiences
B. feelings of warmth and coldness are studied worldwide
C. physical temperature affects how we see others
D. capable persons are often cold to others
What would be the best title for the passage?
A. Drinking for Better Social Relationships.
B. Experiments of Personality Evaluation.
C. Developing Better Drinking Habits.
D. Physical Sensations and Emotions.
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科目：高中英语 来源：2014届黑龙江省高二下学期第一次检测英语试卷（解析版） 题型：信息匹配
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
How do you enter a room full of strangers? Do you walk right in full of confidence? Or do you try to slip in without being noticed? ___1.___
In life, we admire those who do their tasks confidently. We prefer people who appear to know what they are doing. But where does that confidence begin?
Developing self-confidence starts very early. It’s parents’ role to get kids on the right track toward becoming confident people. ___2.___ That can be done by focusing on the child’s strengths. Parents should encourage their children to try new things and take risks. When children make mistakes, their parents should still let them know that they are loved. Children whose parents do these things will likely develop into confident adults. ___3.___ So what’s the solution?
With most things in life, practice makes perfect, and that is true of confidence skills. ___4.__Always hold your head high and look people in the eye. Answer questions clearly and confidently.
Focus on the things that you do well, and look for opportunities to use those abilities.
Prepare thoroughly for every project. You’ll approach the task more confidently knowing that you are ready.
___5.___ It could be a good test score or a prize from a contest. Remind yourself that one success often leads to the next.
However, all humans fail at times, and you will too. Even with efforts to try all the above, you will never be perfect. But you can learn to love and accept yourself and live your life with confidence.
A．Keep in mind an item that reminds you of a recent success.
B．The more you practice them, the easier they will become.
C．The way you go into new situations show your level of self-confidence.
D．Our goal is to prepare students to go into the world with confidence.
E. To help that process, parents should always offer more praise than criticism.
F. Learning from mistakes helps you face the same situation later without fear.
G. But self-confidence still doesn’t come easily.
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科目：高中英语 来源：2011-2012学年湖北省高三适应性考试英语试卷（解析版） 题型：阅读理解
A recent Living Social survey showed that Americans may live up to their poor reputation while travelling abroad. But what’s more surprising is that many of those surveyed self-identified themselves as ‘ugly’ Americans and the world’s worst travelers.
Those in the U.S. ranked themselves as the worst travellers by a shocking 20 per cent, followed by 15 per cent saying the Chinese were the most substandard tourists.
Americans topped the list as being the worst-behaved travelers in a survey of 5,600 respondents, 4,000 of whom were Americans. Other respondents were in Australia, Canada, Ireland and the United Kingdom. But even American respondents considered their compatriots(同胞) as the worst travelers from a list of 16 nationalities.
Canadians and Australians also put Americans in the No. 1 spot. Irish respondents pointed to U.K. residents and U.K. respondents gave Germans the nod. On the other hand, 37% of Americans opted for "none of the above" in answer to the worst-tourists question, displaying more tolerance and open-mindedness than the other nationalities.
Other survey questions had respondents admitting pilfering from hotels. Four in ten U.S. survey-takers said they’d stolen something – mostly towels (28%) and bathrobes (8%). Other popular pinched items included pillows, remote controls, Bibles and sheets.
Not surprising is that Americans have less time off from work than other nationalities. Americans reported getting 16 days off, compared with 28 days for the Irish, 27 days for Australians, 23 days for U.K. workers; and 21 days for Canadians.
In the travel mishaps department, the most common travel disaster reported by Americans was lost luggage on an airline (21%)； bad weather (21%)； and getting very lost (16%).
As for places Americans most want to see, Disney World and Las Vegas made the top 10, but they weren't at the top of the heap. And New York didn't make the cut.
1.What percentage of American respondents is in the survey?
|
A．20 % |
B．15% |
C．71% |
D．37% |
2.The underlined word “pilfering” in Para. 5 most probably means ________.
|
A．taking |
B．bringing |
C．stealing |
D．borrowing. |
3.According to the survey, what kind of things are most taken away by Americans?
|
A．towels and pillows |
|
B．bathrobes and remote controls. |
|
C．towels and Bibles |
|
D．bathrobes and towels. |
4.What’s the best title of this passage?
|
A．Chinese were announced as the world’s worst travellers. |
|
B．The global worst travellers were announced. |
|
C．Disney World is the best destination to Americans. |
|
D．European travellers were the best in the world |
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科目：高中英语 来源：2013届江西省高二下学期第三次月考英语试卷（解析版） 题型：阅读理解
阅读下面的短文，请根据短文后的要求答题（请注意问题后的词数要求）。
[1]Global difference in intelligence is a sensitive topic, long filled with a large number of different opinions. But recent data has indeed shown cognitive (认知的) ability to be higher in some countries than in others. What's more, IQ scores have risen as nations develop—a phenomenon known as the "Flynn effect". Many causes have been put forward for both the intelligence difference and the Flynn effect, including education, income, and even non-agricultural labor. Now, a new study from researchers at the University of New Mexico offers another interesting theory: intelligence may be linked to infectious-disease rates.
[2]The brain, say author Christopher Eppig and his colleagues, is the "most costly organ in the human body". Brainpower consumes almost up to 90 percent of a newborn's energy. It's clear that if something affects energy intake while the brain is growing, the impact could be long and serious. And for vast parts of the globe, the biggest threat to a child's body—and therefore brain—is parasitic (由寄生虫引起的) infection. These illnesses threaten brain development________________. They can directly attack live tissue, which the body must then try every means to replace. They can invade the digestive pipe and block nutritional intake. They can rob the body's cells for their own reproduction. And then there's the energy channeled (输送) to the immune system to fight the infection.
[3]Using data on national "disease burdens" (life years lost due to infectious diseases) and average intelligence scores, the authors found they are closely associated. The countries with the lowest average IQ scores have the highest disease burdens without exception. On the contrary, nations with low disease burdens top the IQ list.
[4]If the study holds water, it could be revolutionary for our understanding of the still-confusing variation in national intelligence scores.
1.What is the main idea of the text？(no more than 10 words)
________________________________________________________________________
2.Complete the following statement with proper words.(no more than 4 words)
Those countries that have the ________________ are always at the bottom of the IQ list.
3.Fill in the blank in Paragraph 2 with proper words.(no more than 5 words)
___________
4.What can cause intelligence difference？(no more than 8 words)
______________________________________________________________________
5.What does the word “they” (Line2, paragraph3)probably refer to? (no more than 8 words)
______________________________________________________________________
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科目：高中英语 来源：2009年高考试题（北京卷）解析版 题型：阅读理解
Dear Friend,
The recent success of children's books has made the general public aware that there's a huge market out there.
And there's a growing need for new writers trained to create the $3 billion worth of children's books bought each year ... plus stories and articles needed by over 650 publishers of magazines for children and teenagers.
Who are these needed writers? They're ordinary folks like you and me.
But am I good enough?
I was once where you might be now. My thoughts of writing had been pushed down by self-doubt, and I didn't know where to turn for help.
Then, I accepted a free offer from the Institute to test my writing aptitude（潜能）, and it turned out to be the inspiration I needed.
The promise that paid off
The Institute made the same promise to me that they will make to you, if you show basic writing ability:
You will complete at least one manuscript（手稿） suitable to hand in to a publisher by the time you finish our course.
I really didn't expect any publication before I finished the course, but that happened. I sold three stories. And I soon discovered that was not unusual at the Institute.
Since graduation, I have authored 34 nationally published children's books and over 300 stories and articles.
Free test and brochure
We offer a free aptitude test and will send you a copy of our brochure describing our recognized home-study courses on the basis of one-on-one training.
Realize your writing dream today. There's nothing sadder than a dream delayed until it fades forever.
Sincerely,
Kristi Holl, Instructor
Institute of Children's Literature
1.From the first three paragraphs, we learn that_____.
A. children’s books are usually bestsellers
B. publishers are making $3 billion each year
C. magazines for teenagers have drawn public attention
D. there is a growing need for writers of children's books
2.When finishing the course, you are promised to_____.
A. be a successful publisher
B. become a confident editor
C. finish one work for publication
D. get one story or article published
3.Kristi Holl mentions her experience mainly to_____.
A. prove she is a good instructor
B. promote the writing program
C. give her advice on course preparation
D. show she sold more stories than article
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