As Artificial Intelligence (A) becomes increasingly sophisticated,there are growing concerns that robots could become a threat.This danger can be avoided,according to computer science professor Stuart Russell,if we figure out how to turn human values into a programmable code.
Russell argues that as robots take on more complicated tasks,it’s necessary to translate our morals into AI language.
For example,if a robot does chores around the house,you wouldn't want it to put the pet cat in the oven to make dinner for the hungry children. "You would want that robot preloaded with a good set of values," said Russell.
Some robots are already programmed with basic human values.For example,mobile robots have been programmed to keep a comfortable distance from humans.Obviously there are cultural differences,but if you were talking to another person and they came up close in your personal space,you wouldn't think that's the kind of thing a properly brought-up person would do.
It will be possible to create more sophisticated moral machines,if only we can find a way to set out human values as clear rules.
Robots could also learn values from drawing patterns from large sets of data on human behavior.They are dangerous only if programmers are careless.
The biggest concern with robots going against human values is that human beings fail to do sufficient testing and they've produced a system that will break some kind of taboo（禁忌）.
One simple check would be to program a robot to check the correct course of action with a human when presented with an unusual situation.
If the robot is unsure whether an animal is suitable for the microwave,it has the opportunity to stop,send out beeps,and ask for directions from a human.If we humans aren't quite sure about a decision,we go and ask somebody else.
The most difficult step in programming values will be deciding exactly what we believe in moral,and how to create a set of ethical rules.But if we come up with an answer,robots could be good for humanity.
1.What does the author say about the threat of robots?
A. It may be a challenge to computer programmers.
B. It accompanies all machinery involving high technology.
C. It can be avoided if human values are translated into their language.
D. It has become an inevitable danger as technology gets more sophisticated.
2.How do robots learn human values?
A. By interacting with humans in everyday life situations.
B. By following the daily routines of civilized human beings.
C. By picking up patterns from massive data on human behavior.
D. By imitating the behavior of properly brought-up human beings.
3.What will a well-programmed robot do when facing an unusual situation?
A. Keep a distance from possible dangers.
B. Do sufficient testing before taking action.
C. Set off its built-in alarm system at once.
D. Stop to seek advice from a human being.
4.What is most difficult to do when we turn human values into a programmable code?
A. Determine what is moral and ethical.
B. Design some large-scale experiments.
C. Set rules for man-machine interaction.
D. Develop a more sophisticated program.
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小学生10分钟应用题系列答案科目：高中英语 来源：2016-2017学年四川省成都市高一3月月考英语试卷（解析版） 题型：阅读理解
America is a mobile society. Friendships between Americans can be close and real, yet disappear soon if situations change. Neither side feels hurt by this. Both may exchange Christmas greetings for a year or two, perhaps a few letters for a while — then no more. If the same two people meet again by chance, even years later, they pick up the friendship. This can be quite difficult for us Chinese to understand, because friendships between us develop more slowly but then may become lifelong feelings, extending (延伸) sometimes deeply into both families.
Americans are ready to receive us foreigners at their homes, share their holidays, and their home life. They will enjoy welcoming us and be pleased if we accept their hospitality (好客) easily.
Another difficult point for us Chinese to understand Americans is that although they welcome us warmly in their personal everyday lives, they don't show their politeness to us if it requires a great deal of time. This is usually the opposite of the practice in our country where we may be generous with our time. Sometimes, we, as hosts, will appear at airports even in the middle of the night to meet a friend. We may take days off to act as guides to our foreign friends. The Americans, however, express their welcome usually at homes, but truly can not manage the time to do a great deal with a visitor outside their daily routine. They will probably expect us to get ourselves from the airport to our own hotel by bus. And they expect that we will phone them from there. Once we arrive at their homes, the welcome will be full, warm and real. We will find ourselves treated hospitably.
For the Americans, it is often considered more friendly to invite a friend to their homes than to go to restaurants, except for purely business matters. So accept their hospitality at home!
1.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Friendships between Americans usually extend deeply into their families.
B. Friendships between Americans usually last for all their lives.
C. Americans will continue their friendships again even after a long break.
D. Americans always show their warmth even if they are very busy.
2.From the last two paragraphs we can learn that when we arrive in America to visit an American friend, we will probably be ______.
A. warmly welcomed at the airport B. offered a ride to his home
C. treated to dinner in a restaurant D. treated hospitably at his home
3.The underlined words “generous with our time” in Paragraph 3 probably mean________.
A. willing to spend time B. serious with time
C. strict with time D. careful with time
4.A suitable title for this passage would probably be “______”.
A. Friendships between Chinese
B. Friendships between Americans
C. Americans’ and Chinese’s views of friendships
D. Americans’ hospitality
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科目：高中英语 来源：2016-2017学年河南省高二下学期第二次月考英语试卷（解析版） 题型：短文改错
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
When I was a child, I spent more than ten years learn the violin. Therefore, I couldn’t understand ‘real music’. After I graduated at high school, a friend of mine suggested that we started to learn the guitar because we all thought it was cool. I will never forget the day on that we went to buy guitars in the guitar store. There I saw a guitar player playing the guitar, which I really enjoy. He became my the first guitar teacher. It took me such a long time choose a guitar among several wonderful model. Now the guitar is the most importantly part of my life and I practice it every day.
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科目：高中英语 来源：四川省成都市2017届高三二诊模拟考试英语试卷（解析版） 题型：短文填空
Disposing (处理) of waste has been a problem since humans started producing it. As more and more people choose to live close together in cities, the waste disposal problem becomes 1. (increase) difficult.
During the eighteenth century, it was usual for several neighboring towns to get together to select a faraway spot 2. a dump site (垃圾场). People 3. (transport) household rubbish, rotted wood, and old possessions to the site. Regularly some of the trash was burned and the rest was buried. The 4.(pleasant) sights and smells caused no problem because nobody lived close by. Factories, mills (制造厂), and other industrial sites also had waste to be disposed of. Those located on rivers often just dumped the unwanted 5.(remaining) into the water. Others built huge burners with chimneys to deal with the problem.
Several facts make these choices 6.(accept) to modern society. The first problem is space. Dumps, 7. are now called landfills, are most needed in heavily populated areas. Such areas rarely have empty land suitable for this purpose. The land is either too expensive or too close to residential neighborhoods. A long distance dump has been a common practice, 8. once farm areas are refusing to accept rubbish from elsewhere, cheap land within trucking distance of major city areas is nonexistent. 9.(aware) of pollution dangers has resulted in more strict rules of waste disposal. Pollution of rivers, ground water, land and air is a price people can no longer pay to get rid of waste. The amount of waste, however, continues to grow.
10.(recycle) efforts have become commonplace, and many towns require their people to take part. Even the most efficient recycling programs, however, can hope to deal with only about 50 percent of a city’s reusable waste.
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科目：高中英语 来源：2017届江西省盟校高三第二次联考英语试卷（解析版） 题型：书面表达
假设你是红星中学的高中生李华，你校选拔一批优秀学生，利用周末的时间到幸福村辅导留守儿童（left-behind children）的英语，你希望参加此活动。请根据以下提示，用英语给校评选组写一封申请信：
●对此活动的认识 ●个人优势 ●你的计划
注意：1.词数100左右；
2.可适当增加细节，以使内容充实、行文连贯；
3.信的开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Sir or Madam,
I'm Li Hua from Hongxing High School._______________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Looking forward to your reply!
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
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科目：高中英语 来源：2017届重庆市高三下学期第二次月考英语试卷（解析版） 题型：短文改错
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下短文。短文中共有10处错误，每句中最多有两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在此符号下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（＼）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
It is known to us all nowadays the internet is playing an more and more important part in our daily life.In it,we cannot only read news at home and abroad but also get so much information as possible.We are often send e-mails to our classmates or our teachers or make telephone call to our families as well our friends.Therefore,we can go to school on the net,read different kinds of books and even teach our English.We can also enjoy music,watching sports and play computer games on the net.we could do shopping even without leaving our homes.
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科目：高中英语 来源：2017届重庆市高三下学期第二次月考英语试卷（解析版） 题型：阅读理解
Is there link between humans and climate change or not?This question was first studied in the early 1900s.Since then,many scientists have thought that our actions do make a difference.In 1997,the Kyoto Protocol explained our role in the Earth's changing atmosphere and set international limits for gas emissions from 2008 to 2012.Some countries have decided to continue these reductions until 2020.More recently,the Paris Agreement,struck by nearly 200 countries,also aims to limit global warming.But just now how much warmer it will get depends on how deeply countries cut carbon emissions.
This is how much temperatures would rise by 2100 even if nations live up to the initial Paris promises to reduce carbon emissions;this rise could still put coastal cities under water and drive over half of all species to extinction.
To meet this minimum goal,the Agreement requires countries to tighten emissions targets every five years.Even this increase could sink some islands,worsen drought and drive a decline of up to a third in the number of species.
This is the most ambitious goal for temperature rise set by the Paris Agreement,after a push by low-lying island nations like Kiribati,which say limiting temperature rise to 1.5℃ could save them from sinking.
This is how much temperatures have risen since the industrial age began,putting us 40% of the way to the 2℃ point.
The baseline here is average global temperature before the start of the industrial age.
1.It can be concluded from paragraph 1 that .
A. gas emissions have been effectively reduced in developed countries
B. humans have made continuous efforts to slow down global warming
C. the problem of global warming will have been quite solved by 2020
D. the Paris Agreement is more influential than the Kyoto Protocol
2.If nations could only keep the initial promises of the Paris Agreement,what would happen by the year 2100?
A. The human population would increase by one third.
B. Little over 50 % of all species would still exist.
C. Nations would not need to tighten their emissions targets.
D. The Agreement’s minimum goal would not be reached.
3.If those island nations not far above sea level are to survive,the maximum temperature rise,since the start of the industrial age,should be .
A. 0.8℃ B. 1.5℃ C. 2℃ D. 3.5℃
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科目：高中英语 来源：2016-2017学年河北正定中学高一下学期第二次月考（期中）英语试卷（解析版） 题型：阅读理解
Unlike most other holidays,the history of April Fools’ Day.Sometimes called All Fools’ Day,is not totally clear.The only point in time that can be agreed on as the beginning of this tradition was 1582,in France.Before that year,the New Year was celebrated for eight days,beginning on March 25.The celebration reached the highest point on April 1.With the reform of the calendar under Charles 1X,the the Gregorian calendar(公历，阳历）was introduced,and New Year’s Day was moved to January 1.
However,because in those days communications were not as developed as they are today,many people did not receive the news for several years.Some people refused to accept the new calendar and continued to celebrate the New Year on April 1.These backward people were considered”fools” by other people.They were often sent on “fools” errands（徒劳无益的工作）or were made the targets of jokes.
This developed,over time,into a tradition of playing a trick on someone on the first day of April.The tradition eventually spread to England and Scotland in the eighteenth century.It was later introduced to the American colonies of both the Britain and France.April Fools’ Day thus developed into an international fun feast,so to speak,with different nationalities specializing in their own kind of humor at the expense of their friends and families.
1.According to an earlier calendar,New Year’s Day in France was .
A. March25 B. January 1 C. April 1 D. April3
2.Which of the following first had the tradition of celebrating the April Fools’ Day?
A. France. B. England. C. Scotland. D. America.
3.What was people’s attitude towards the new calendar?
A. They accepted it happily. B. They refused it immediately. C. Some recognized it. D. Some laughed at it.
4.The passage mainly tells us .
A. what the French did on April Fools’ Day B. How April Fools’ Day come into being
C. when was the new calendar introduced D. why some people were fooled in France
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科目：高中英语 来源：山东省2016-2017学年高二3月月考英语试卷（解析版） 题型：单词拼写
1.The living people in these apartments have free a_________________ to that swimming pool.(进入，通路).
2.C_________________ to you on achieving such a complete victory.(祝贺)
3.It will be a long time before you a_______________ to the new environment.(适应)
4.It is b_______________ to get up early to exercise.(有益处的)
5.The government passed a law that d_________________ (宣布，宣称)it illegal to each and sell this kind of animals.
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