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    根据短文内容，从下框的A—F选项中选出能概括每一段主题的最佳选项。选项中有一项为多余选项。

    A. The Development of an Early Union.

    B. Support from the Public.

    C. The Decline of an Early Union.

    D. A Brief Comparison between the Union and the Medieval Craft Guilds.

    E. Management’s Reaction to the Labour Movement.

    F. Reasons for starting a Union.
     
     


    61. ______

       Some scholars have associated trade unions with the medieval craft guilds(中世纪的行会), but there are important differences between the two. The guild members were masters craftsmen who owned capital and often employed workers. Unions are known as associations of workers with similar skills.

    62. ______

       In the past, individual worker had no control over the conditions of their working lives; political and economic power was concentrated in the hands of wealthy business owners. Workers found, however, that there was strength in uniting. From their earliest years, union objectives have been higher wages and improved working conditions.

    63. ______

       Employers resisted, of course. They made great efforts to stop union organizing its activities. Union members were fired, workers were forced to sign contracts in which they promised not to join a union, and companies hired strike-breakers（罢工破坏者）and even gunmen to frighten organizers.

    64. ______

       One of the earliest successful labour organizations in the United States was the Knights of Labour, founded in 1869. The Knights, which included both skilled and unskilled workers, attempted to organize all workers into one great union. After it successfully struck the Wabash railroad owned by Jay Gould in 1885, its popularity and power grew dramatically. In 1886 the Knights had 700,000 members.

    65. ______

       The decline of the Knights of Labour, however, came quickly. The strike against Gould was gradually broken, and the Knights radical positions on social issues cost them public support. In the end, a lack of unity as well as the rapid inflow of unskilled immigrants weakened the union’s economic power, and the organization came to an end.

    DFEAC

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           There are many occasions（场合） for giving gifts in modern industrialized societies; birthdays, naming ceremonies, weddings, anniversaries, New Year, It is common to give gifts on many of these celebrations in western cultures. In addition, special events, such as one’s first day of school or graduation from university, often require gift fiving.

    2.

           What is happening when we give gifts? Most important, we are exchanging gifts. If someone gives me a gift for my birthday, I know that I am usually expected to give one on his or her next birthday.gift builds up or confirms a social obligation（义务）.

    3.

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    4.

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