14．The Bystander Effect
The term bystander effect refers to the phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present，the less likely people are to help a person in distress．When an emergency situation occurs，observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no other witnesses．Being part of a large crowd makes it so no single person has to take responsibility for an action （or inaction）．
The most frequently cited example of the bystander effect in introductory psychology textbooks is the brutal murder of a young woman named Catherine"Kitty"Genovese．On Friday，March 13，1964，28-year-old Genovese was returning home from work．As she approached her apartment entrance，she was attacked and stabbed by a man later identified as Winston Moseley．
Despite Genovese's repeated calls for help，none of the dozen or so people in the nearby apartment building who heard her cries called police to report the incident．The attack first began at 3：20AM，but it was not until 3：50AM that someone first contacted police．
While Genovese's case has been subject to numerous misrepresentations and inaccuracies，there have been numerous other cases reported in recent years．The bystander effect can clearly have a powerful impact on the general conduct of people in a society，but why exactly does it happen？Why don't we help when we are part of a crowd？
There are several factors that contribute to the bystander effect．First，the presence of other people creates a diffusion of responsibility．Because there are other observers，individuals do not feel as much pressure to take action，since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among all of those present．
The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways．When other observers fail to react，individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not appropriate．Other researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to intervene if the situation is ambiguous．In the case of Kitty Genovese，many of the 38witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a"lover's quarrel，"and did not realize that the young woman was actually being murdered．
Characteristics of the situation can play a role．During a crisis，things are often chaotic and the situation is not always crystal clear．Onlookers might wonder exactly what is happening．During such chaotic moments，people often look to others in the group to determine what is appropriate．When people look at the crowd and see that no one else is reacting，it sends a signal that perhaps no action is needed．
So what can you do to avoid falling into this trap of inaction？Some psychologists suggest that simply being aware of this tendency is perhaps the greatest way to break the cycle．When faced with a situation that requires action，understanding how the bystander effect might be holding you back and consciously taking steps to overcome it can help．However，this does not mean you should place yourself in danger．
But what if you are the person in need of assistance？How can you inspire people to lend a hand？One often-recommended tactic is to single out one person from the crowd．Make eye contact and ask that individual specifically for help．By personalizing and individualizing your request，it becomes much harder for people to turn you down．
| The Bystander Effect |
| Passage outline | Supporting details |
Concept of the
bystander effect |
The bystander effect occurs when the presence of others keeps an individual
from becoming （71）involved/engaged in an emergency situation．
It is obvious that the bystander effect can greatly influence（72）socialbehavior． |
| Typical example | In 1964，a young woman named Genovese met with violence and her life was
（73）endangered/threatened outside her apartment，while bystanders who observed the
crime did not step in to assist or call the police． |
（74）Explanations/Reasons
for the bystander
effect |
Individuals are less likely to take action or feel a sense of （75）responsibility in
front of a large group of people．
Before deciding to offer help，observers may want to make（76）sure/certain that
it is appropriate to react．Besides，there is a natural （77）tendency for people
to follow the crowd before the situation is clear． |
（78）Prevention/Precautions/Avoidance of
the bystander
effect |
You should realize or know the （79）existenceof the bystander effect and take
measures to get rid of it．
When in need of help，you should （80）choose/select/pick one from the crowd，which
Will increase your chance of getting your request across and being helped． |
