Cities do not appear on the earth randomly, nor do they grow in a random fashion. They develop as the result of a complex interplay of environmental and social factors.
Several factors in the natural environment determine the location of cities. Large cities, for example, are generally not found in inhospitable zones. Most major cities developed from villages and towns that grew up along shorelines, rivers, or railroads. The growth pattern of an urban settlement is also influenced by factors in the natural environment. For example, mountains must be skirted, lakes must be avoided, and housing and industry must be placed conveniently near water and raw materials.
Social factors also influence the appearance and development of cities. For instance, a city may be established as a result of a political decision :
The location of particular social group is also influenced by ecological factors. Certain kinds of land use , such as parking lots , may quickly generate a disliked area and result in a mass departure of the original inhabitants. The location of the neighborhoods of different groups is thus related to such factors as their relative income and to their feelings of group unity or prejudice against outsiders.
Social inventions such as the automobile and mass transit systems also influence urban patterns. If workers have to walk to their factories every day, their homes must be near the workplace, but if they can drive to work , they can easily live fifteen miles away. If large numbers of the urban labor force move away from the city centre , services and facilities will tend to follow them , perhaps leaving the city centre greatly changed.
71. According to the passage , most major cities are
A. located along shorelines, rivers, or railroads
B. located far away from shorelines, rivers , or railroads
C, results of political decisions
D. results of architectural decisions
72.The example that shows the influence of political decisions on the location of a city is the location of
A. Manhattan in
B. The new capital of Brasilia of Brazil
C. Los Angles
D.
73. According to the passage, certain kinds of land use, such as parking lots, may
A. make the original inhabitants happy
B. cause the original inhabitants to move away from an area
C. destroy a town
D. result in ecological disasters in an area
74. It can be inferred from the passage that people of low income
A. tend to live in big cities
B. tend to live in small towns
C. mostly live in city centers
D. are likely to live together
75. According to the passage , the locations of cities are influenced
A. only by a lot of environmental factors
B. only by a lot of social factors
C. by both social and environmental factors
D. only by a lot of ecological factors
导学全程练创优训练系列答案科目：高中英语 来源：设计必修一英语北师版 北师版 题型：050
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科目：高中英语 来源： 题型：阅读理解
When building houses, people used to think about not only the climate of the areas but also the building materials and the fashions for their houses. However, since electricity became more and more expensive, people began to pay much more attention to the energy they could get for their houses and the new ways they could find to protect their houses from both cold and heat.
Now, houses of an old yet new type have been widely built. In some parts of the world, people share their houses with their livestock（家畜）.During cold weather, they gather their cows, goats, or other animals and keep them on the first floor of their houses. The reasons are that the animals can be protected from the cold and that they can help to heat the houses as well. The body heat given off by the animals rises to the second floor of the houses, where people live. By sharing their houses with their livestock, people gain a source of heat.
People who live in or near cities do not usually keep livestock. However, home builders use the fact that heat rises. This natural law can be used in building houses in these areas. Instead of keeping livestock on the first floor, builders fill it with large rocks. As they are open to the sun’s rays during cold weather, these rocks take in heat. They also give off the heat, and, of course, the warm air rises into the living areas of the houses. So these houses are energy saving.
House building becomes a great challenge（挑战）to building designers and energy engineers. They try to meet this challenge by learning from old traditions and by using modern technology. And someday in the future, people will be able to live in more energy saving houses.
What did people begin to consider as electricity was no longer cheap?
A．The climate of their areas.
B．The energy for their houses.
C．The fashions for their houses.
D．The building materials for their houses.
People in some areas gain a source of heat by _________.
A．keeping their livestock downstairs
B．protecting their livestock from the cold
C．sharing their houses only with their cows
D．living on the second floor with their livestock
The underlined words “natural law” in the third paragraph refer to the fact that ________.
A．heat raises the temperature in the houses
B．heat goes in the upward direction
C．heat goes up if temperature is raised
D．heat increases the temperature of rocks
From the passage, we can conclude that __________.
A．people will no longer consider building materials in the future
B．energy saving buildings will become more popular in the future
C．almost all people will move into the houses heated by large rocks
D．energy engineers will devote themselves only to modern technology.
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科目：高中英语 来源：2010-2011学年甘肃省兰州一中高二下学期期末考试英语试卷 题型：阅读理解
Cities in Europe and around the world may be growing “bike trees” in the near future
. Invented by Japan’s JFE Engineering Corp, the invention proved useful in the busiest parts of this nation’s crowded cities.
Local governments of Japan have struggled for ways to encourage people to park their bikes considerably, particularly close to big stations, but that may block some roads and entrances to homes and businesses. “Our cities do not have a lot of space for any kind of parking, including bicycles.” said Mitsuharu Oshima, a spokesman for JFE Engineering. The bike tree comes in two types: one in a tower that is above ground and on the contrary, the other in an underground structure.
A cyclist registers with the operator of the equipment, pays a monthly fee and pushes the wheels of his bicycle into restraints(管理处) at the base of the bike tree. Each bicycle 
is fitted with an electronic card with the owner’s details. A mechanical arm then pulls the bike into the base of the tower and moves it to a free location inside. To collect the bike later, the cyclist puts his card through a reader and his bike is automatically returned to him in seconds. “The science of the equipment has been difficult —— even though they may look quite simple —— because bikes come in many different shapes and sizes.” said Oshima.
As well as clearing away the road, bicycles cannot be stolen from a bike tree. There are presently versions at seven sites in Japan and two others are under construction, while work is under way on an even larger version —— with room for 9400 bicycles —— in Thailand. And Oshima believes that the idea could catch on in Europe, particularly in countries such as France, Holland and Denmark , where cycling is so popular.
【小题1】 Cities build this kind of “bike trees” so that they can _______.
| A．ask more people to ride bikes | B．provide more jobs for people |
| C．make more money than before | D．save more room for people |
| A．③②①④ | B．③①④② | C．②①④③ | D．②④③① |
| A．The location of “bike trees”. | B．The method of finding enough bikes. |
| C．The differences of the bikes. | D．The importance of traffic safety |
| A．countries with many cyclists in Europe will like the idea of “bike trees” |
| B．there are seven “bike trees” used for holding bikes in Japan |
C．local government of Japa n encourage people to ride bikes |
| D．cyclists can use “bike trees” for free in Japan. |
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科目：高中英语 来源：2015届河南省高一第三次考试英语试卷（解析版） 题型：阅读理解
If you are in a town in a western country, you'll often see people walking with their dogs. It is still true that a dog is the most useful animal in the world. But the reason why one keeps a dog has changed Once upon a time, a man met a dog and wanted it to help him in the fight against other animals, and he found that the dog listened to him and did what he told him to. Later people used dogs for hunting other animals, and the dogs didn't eat what they got until their master agreed. So dogs were used for driving sheep and guarding chicks. But now the people in the towns and cities do not need dogs to fight other animals. Of course they keep them to frighten thieves, but the most important reason is that people feel lonely in the city. For a child, a dog is his best friend when he has no friends to play with. For a young wife, a dog is her child when she doesn’t have her own. For old people, a dog is also a child when their real children have grown up and left. Now people do not have to use a dog, but they keep it as a friend, just like a member of the family.
1._______are more useful than a dog in the world.
A．No other animals B．Some animals
C．Many animals D．A few animals
2.In the past, people kept dogs because dogs _________.
A．could fight against other animals B．met the people
C．did not eat other animals D．helped and listened to people
3.Now people keep dogs in the cities because dogs_____.
A．fight other animals B．are lonely
C．are like their friends D．are afraid of the thieves
4.A dog can be _____.
A．a child's friend only B．a young woman's son
C．old people's real child D．everybody's friend
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科目：高中英语 来源：20102011学年度辽宁省高一下学期期中考试英语试题 题型：阅读理解
Cities in Europe and around the world may be growing “bike trees” in the near future. Invented by Japan’s JFE engineering Corp., the invention proved useful in the busiest parts of this nation’s crowded cities.
Local governments of Japan have struggled for ways to encourage people to park their bikes considerately, particularly close to big stations, but that may block some roads and entrances to home and businesses. “Our cities do not have a lot of space for any kind of parking, including bicycles.” said Mitsuharu Oshima, a spokesman for JFE Engineering. The bike tree comes in two types; one in a tower that is above ground, and on the contrary, the other in a subterranean structure.
A cyclist registers（登记）with the operator of the equipment, pays a monthly fee and pushes the wheels of his bicycle into restraints at the base of the bike tree. Each bicycle is fitted with an electronic card with the owner’s details. A mechanical arm then pulls the bike into the base of the tower and moves it to a free location inside. To collect the bike later, the cyclist puts his card through a reader and his bike is automatically (自动地)returned to him in seconds. “The science of the equipment has been difficult----even though they may look simple ----because bikes come in many different shapes and sizes.” said Oshima.
As well as clearing away the road, bicycles cannot be stolen from a bike tree. There are presently versions at seven sites in Japan and two others are under construction, while work is under way on an even larger version----with room for 9,400 bicycles---in Thailand. And Oshima believes that the idea could catch on in Europe, particularly in countries such as France, Holland and Denmark, where cycling is so popular.
1. What is the right order of the following things when you use the bike tree?
① the wheels of the bicycle are put into restraints at the base
② the card is read and the bike is automatically returned
③ an electronic card with the owner’s details is given
④ the bike is pulled and moved to a free location inside
A.③②①④ B. ②①④③ C. ③①④② D. ②④③①
2. What made it difficult to design “bike trees”?
A. The location of “bike trees”
B. The differences of the bikes
C. The method of finding enough bikes
D. The importance of traffic safety
3. From the passage, we can know that___________.
A. cyclists can use “bike trees” for free in Japan
B. there are seven “bike trees” used for holding bikes in Japan
C. local government of Japan encourage people to ride bikes
D. countries with many cyclists in Europe will like the idea of “bike trees’
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