A German study suggests that people who were too optimistic about their future actually faced greater risk of disability or death within 10 years than those pessimists who expected their future to be worse.
The paper, published this March in Psychology and Aging, examined health and welfare surveys from roughly 40,000 Germans between ages 18 and 96. The surveys were conducted every year from 1993 to 2003.
Survey respondents were asked to estimate their present and future life satisfaction on a scale of 0 to 10, among other questions.
The researchers found that young adults (age 18 to 39) routinely overestimated their future life satisfaction, while middle-aged adults (age 40 to 64) more accurately predicted how they would feel in the future. Adults of 65 and older, however, were far more likely to underestimate their future life satisfaction. Not only did they feel more satisfied than they thought they would, the older pessimists seemed to suffer a lower ratio of disability and death for the study period.
“We observed that being too optimistic in predicting a better future than actually observed was associated with a greater risk of disability and a greater risk of death within the following decade,” wrote Frieder R. Lang, a professor at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg.
Lang and his colleagues believed that people who were pessimistic about their future may be more careful about their actions than people who expected a rosy future.
“Seeing a dark future may encourage positive evaluations of the actual self and may contribute to taking improved precautions (预防措施),” the authors wrote.
Surprisingly, compared with those in poor health or who had low incomes, respondents who enjoyed good health or income were associated with expecting a greater decline. Also, the researchers said that higher income was related to a greater risk of disability.
The authors of the study noted that there were limitations to their conclusions. Illness, medical treatment and personal loss could also have driven health outcomes.
However, the researchers said a pattern was clear. “We found that from early to late adulthood, individuals adapt their expectations of future life satisfaction from optimistic, to accurate, to pessimistic,” the authors concluded.
1.According to the study, who made the most accurate prediction of their future life satisfaction?
A. Optimistic adults.
B. Middle-aged adults.
C. Adults in poor health.
D. Adults of lower income.
2.Pessimism may be positive in some way because it causes people________.
A. to fully enjoy their present life
B. to estimate their contribution accurately
C. to take measures against potential risks
D. to value health more highly than wealth
3.How do people of higher income see their future?
A. They will earn less money.
B. They will become pessimistic.
C. They will suffer mental illness.
D. They will have less time to enjoy life.
4.What is the clear conclusion of the study?
A. Pessimism guarantees chances of survival.
B. Good financial condition leads to good health.
C. Medical treatment determines health outcomes.
D. Expectations of future life satisfaction decline with age.
科目:高中英语 来源:2016届北京海淀区高三下期末考试(二模)英语试卷(解析版) 题型:单项填空
Never in my life ________ such a beautiful sunrise!
A. have I seen B. I have seen
C. did I see D. I saw
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科目:高中英语 来源:2015-2016学年河北邯郸一中高一下期中考试英语试卷(解析版) 题型:七选五
根据短文内容, 从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项, 选项中有两项为多余选项。
How do you get a good night’s sleep?
You may put your pillow (枕头) at the proper height, drink a glass of hot milk or maybe listen to some light music before bedtime. 1. When World Sleeping Day falls on March 21, it will be a good time to explore a long-ignored fact that may make you feel tired after you wake up. Scientists have discovered that the position of your spine (脊椎) is very important when you sleep.
2. Let’s have a look at the advantages and disadvantages of each position.
On your back
Sleeping on your back is the ideal (理想的) position to be in. First of all, your spine is in the best position. 3. The downside is the greater likelihood of snoring (打鼾) and sleep apnea (窒息).
Lying on belly
4. Dr Vaclav Vojta, a US child development specialist, said this is bad for your back because it takes away the natural curve (曲线) of your lumbar (腰部的) spine. But he also noted that this helps to prevent some snoring and sleep apnea.
On your side
Sleeping on our sides happened naturally while we were in the womb (子宫). 5. Plus, sleeping on your side (the left side in particular) has been reported to reduce troublesome digestive problems like heartburn. The downside is the “dead arm” and finger numbness (麻木) from this position.
A. Lying face down with your legs straight and your arms right by your sides is a bad idea.
B. Sleeping on your side can be a quick fix for snoring and can help to improve breathing.
C. Do you and your friends ever talk about your sleeping position with each other?
D. And a new study suggests that the sleeping position has something to do with it.
E. Of the three sleeping positions, which one do you usually go for?
F. You are also less likely to have digestive (消化的) problems.
G. But one thing you may tend to ignore is sleeping positions.
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科目:高中英语 来源:2015-2016学年广东佛山一中高一下期中考试英语试卷(解析版) 题型:语法填空
语法填空
阅读下面材料,在空格处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
Working out helps you deal with stress in your job, relationships or any area of life. It is possibly 1. exercise is a form of stress itself and helps your body deal with it in a better way. Australian researchers found that those 2. did 30 minutes of aerobic (有氧的) exercise three times a week responded better to stress and had 3. (low) blood pressure.
Even 4. little exercise, from an easy 10-minute walk to an intense aerobics, seems to decrease your feeling 5. anxiety. Working out regularly may make you smarter now and lessen the 6. (possible) that you’ll lose brain function at your age. According to a recent animal study, exercise can 7. (actual) help the brain develop new cells. In the last few years, it 8. (show) in several studies that regular aerobic exercise can improve the quality of sleep. Naturally, this can make you less tired and be able to function better during the day.
Finally, there’s one more reason to keep 9. (exercise). When you work out regularly, your body simply functions better and you are healthier and less likely 10. (suffer) painful physical condition.
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科目:高中英语 来源:2015-2016年佛山一中、中山纪念中学高二下联考英语卷(解析版) 题型:书面表达
母亲节和父亲节来临之际,人们总会利用这样的机会向自己的父母表达对他们的爱,以及对他们的感恩之情。可是,如今社会上有些人缺乏应有的感恩之心,少数人甚至在父母年老体弱时都不愿意赡养。
请你结合自己的实际谈谈:
1. 父母值得你感恩的地方,请用实例说明;
2. 将来你会做些什么来报答父母的养育之恩。
【注意】
1. 词数100左右;
2. 可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
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科目:高中英语 来源:2015-2016学年贵州思南中学高二下期中考试英语卷(解析版) 题型:短文改错
短文改错
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有l0处语言错误,每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(八),并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除:把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
修改:在错的词下划一横线,并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意:l.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;
2.只允许修改10处,多者(从第11处起)不计分。
Life is a long journey, during that you are to experience ups and downs. Only by hold a proper attitude will you be able to control the unexpected in life. What happens years ago is still fresh in my mind. When Dad was out of work, my family was reduced to poor. The tough situation left me in low spirit. However, Mom stayed calm, working hardly in the field as usual. Whenever I complained on our difficulty, she always comforted me, “Don't lose your heart. Everything will be OK!" Then came the news Dad found another well-paid job. The experience taught me what important it is to be optimistic when in trouble.
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科目:高中英语 来源:2015-2016学年贵州思南中学高二下期中考试英语卷(解析版) 题型:阅读理解
When a rather dirty, poorly dressed person kneels at your feet and puts out his hands to beg for a few coins, do you hurry on, not knowing what to do, or do you feel sad and hurriedly hand over some money? What should our attitude to beggars be? There can be no doubt that the world is full of terribly sad stories. It must be terrible to have no idea where our next meal is going to come from. It seems cruel not to give some money to beggars.
Certainly, most of the world's great religions order us to be open-hearted and share what we have with those less fortunate than ourselves. But as the world changed? Maybe what was morally right in the old days, when one knew exactly who in the village had suffered misfortune and needed help, is no longer the best idea. Quite a few people will not give to beggars. Let us look at their arguments.
First, some believe that many city beggars dress up on purpose to look pitiable and actually make a good living from begging. Giving to beggars only encourages this sort of evil (恶行) . Secondly, there is the worry that the money' you give will be spent on beer, wine or drugs. Thirdly, there is the opinion that there is no real excuse for begging. One might be poor, but that is no reason for losing one's sense of pride and self-dependence.
Related to this is the opinion that the problem should be dealt with by the government rather than ordinary people. Some people think beggars should go to the local government department and receive help.
It is hard to come to any final conclusion; there are various cases and we must deal with them differently. A few coins can save a life in some situations, and even if the money is wasted, that does not take away the moral goodness of the giver.
1.What is mainly discussed in the passage?
A. Moral deeds of people.
B. Religious activities of the church.
C. Moral goodness of the giver.
D. Arguments on giving to beggars.
2.What can we infer from the sentence "But has the world changed?" in the second paragraph?
A. People no longer know who suffers misfortune in the village.
B. Some people will not do what was morally right in the past.
C. We don't meet with those who need help any more.
D. Now it is the government's duty to help the beggars.
3.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?
A. Some people dress up to pretend to be beggars.
B. Some beggars want money to help their children go to school.
C. Some beggars use the money to buy drugs.
D. Some beggars have no excuse for begging.
4.In the last paragraph, the writer thinks that it is hard to come to any final conclusion, because .
A. the cases can be so different
B. there are so many beggars
C. there is so much money wasted
D. there are so many different arguments.
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科目:高中英语 来源:2016届山东临沂市高三第二次模拟考试英语试卷(解析版) 题型:阅读理解
Jenkins stood at the huge plate glass window looking down at the parking lot.“You have to fire him.”
“Who?”William sighed.
“That Casey.”
Jenkins was the firm’s regional manager,and his visits were monthly inspection on William’s entire team.
“Casey? He’s my best salesman.You know,youth is a blunder(莽撞),but when he calms down,he is so devoted to his work.Why should I fire him?”
Jenkins craned(伸长)his neck to follow whatever he was watching.“I don’t think he helps to build our company image well.”
“Maybe not,but he’s really a good salesman,a team player,and he inspires everyone in the office and even the whole team here,”William said.“I won’t do it.”Technically,as director of this team,he and Jenkins were equals,but William knew that he had to play this carefully.
“What you call inspiring,I call troublesome.Look!”.
William walked over to see what he was talking about.Down in the parking lot was a strange sight indeed.Casey was dancing circles in the drop-off zone.He had his shirt tied around his waist.shoes and socks off,and smile you could see from the fifth floor.One by one Casey’s co-workers were joining him.Each took off what clothes they could and danced like a feather in the wind.
“Inspiring? It’s crazy.”Jenkins was looking seriously angry,face red.
“We were once young,weren’t we?”William said with a huge smile spreading across his face.“He’s doing the dodo dance.It’s not crazy.It’s SPRING.We all enjoy this time of the day!”He said,pulling down his tie as he headed to the door.
1.What kind of person is Casey in William’s opinion?
A.Strict but open—minded.
B.Kind and easy—going.
C.Motivational and hardworking.
D.Stubborn but considerate.
2.What made Jenkins angry?
A.Casey’s casual behaviours.
B.Casey’s ignorance of his work.
C.William’s disrespect.
D.The trouble William made.
3.What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A.Casey will be laid off.
B.Jenkins will fire William.
C.The company image will be damaged.
D.William will join Casey in the dance.
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科目:高中英语 来源:2016届北京朝阳区高三第二次(5月)综合练习英语卷(解析版) 题型:单项填空
As a doctor, I spend most of the time with my patients, and that’s ______ it is in my day.
A. how B. when C. why D. where
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