Question

1．WHY do we sometimes struggle with moral dilemmas？Why is it a crime to take certain drugs but it's acceptable to take others？Why is it wrong to create human embryos （胚胎） to cure diseases suffered by millions？Often，we follow rules that bring little benefit and can even be positively harmful．But the rules are not set in stone，so there is nothing to stop us getting rid of those that don't work and putting better ones in their place．Now an experiment suggests that morality isn't entirely about benefits to individuals．We also tend to make and obey arbitrary moral rules，probably as a way of promoting social consolidation （巩固）．
A classic psychology experiment called"trolley （电车） experiment"suggests that our minds have two moral systems，and they don't always agree．In the trolley experiment，participants are told that an out-of-control trolley could kill five people on the tracks．They must decide whether to turn it onto a second track with only one person on it．Almost everyone does it，sacrificing one to save five．But if instead you have to push one person off a bridge onto the track to stop the trolley，most people say no．That suggests most of us have a strict rule against killing people directly，even for the greater good．
How are such rules formed？Although people with morality appear to rule out the act of killing in the bridge experiment，most moral behavior in animals appears focused on outcomes-the death of an individual，say-rather than the death of the majority．When an animal experiences harm to help a relative，biologists view this as increasing the chances that the animal's genes will survive．Many psychologists think that human moral rules are an extension of this"kin （亲族） selection"．
Kurzban of the University of Pennsylvania did the experiment further．Kurzban's team gave volunteers changes of the bridge situation．Volunteers were asked what they would do and whether their actions were morally right.85% of them said it would be morally wrong to push one person off to save five，whether these people are brothers or strangers，confirming the idea that there is a rule against killing．However，despite thinking it wrong，28% said they would still push a stranger off to save five，while 47% said they would push a brother off to save five brothers．"They're more likely to do this'less moral¹ thing if it's to save a relative，"Kurzban says，suggesting kin selection is at work as well as the basic"moral rule"against killing．The experiment shows we have at least two parallel systems for deciding right and wrong：one that says some actions，like killing，are bad，and another that tells us to protect kin．So how is this helpful？
Science has made great steps in explaining morality．No longer is it seen as something handed down from on high．Sacrificing yourself so as to protect your kin，for example，can benefit your family genes．Social consolidation demands we have rules，regardless of what they are，to help settle disputes quickly and peacefully．

55．Our moral dilemmas lie in the fact that moral rulesC．
A．can hardly be changed once set                    
B．are against individual benefits
C．can be harmful as well as beneficial            
D．are promoting social consolidation
56．Paragraph Two tells us thatD
A．we should have only one moral system        
B．killing one to save five is a good choice
C．we have to push one person off a bridge      
D．killing people directly can't be accepted
57．The underlined word rule out has the closest meaning toA
A．reject         B．admit        C．control         D．doubt
58．Which action agrees with"kin selection"？B
A．A father choosing his daughter as a．government official．
B．A deer staying behind its group when hunted by tigers．
C．Two baby monkeys fighting for their mother's feeding．
D．A dog killing a wolf to save its master's sleeping baby．
59．Kurzban's experiment suggests thatD
A．most volunteers are against the idea of killing brothers   
B．most people would push a stranger off to save five
C．less moral'thing is right and should be accepted
D．two moral systems that we have seem in conflict
60．According to the passage，the rules of morality are，under some circumstances，D
A．scientific         B．reasonable       C．harmful       D．flexible．

Answer 1

分析 本文介绍了人们生活里的道德困境，尽管有些法则不符合我们的道德标准，但是还要遵从，所以我们会有道德困境，电车实验表明我们多数人都不会直接要人性命，即使为了更大的好处．在动物中出现的大多数的道德行为着重于结果--比如，死一个--而不是死大多数．当一个动物经历伤害以帮助亲属，生物学家认为这就增加了动物基因幸存的机会．许多心理学家认为，人的道德规则是这种"亲缘选择"的延伸，而进一步的实验也表明人类有两条平行的道德法则来决定对错，一个说杀人是错的，而另一个又告诉我们为了保护亲族这么做是对的．

解答 55．C．细节题．根据第一段中的WHY do we sometimes struggle with moral dilemmas？（我们为什么有时候会陷入道德困境）和Why is it wrong to create human embryos （胚胎） to cure diseases suffered by millions？Often，we follow rules that bring little benefit and can even be positively harmful（为什么制造人类干细胞来治疗百万人的疾病是错误的，我们要遵从那些几乎没有好处甚至有害处的法则）．可知这些法则不符合我们的道德标准，但是还要遵从，所以我们会有道德困境，因此答案是C．can be harmful as well as beneficial  （道德准则可能即有害又有益）          
56．D．细节题．根据第二段中的That suggests most of us have a strict rule against killing people directly，even for the greater good可知电车实验表明我们多数人都不会直接要人性命，即使为了更大的好处，所以答案是D．killing people directly can't be accepted，即直接杀人是不被接受的．
57．A．词义猜测题．根据第二段中的But if instead you have to push one person off a bridge onto the track to stop the trolley，most people say no（但是如果让你推下一个人到轨道上来阻住电车，大多数人都会不愿意去做）．和划线句子的the act of killing in the bridge experiment（推下一个人到轨道上来阻住电车的实验）可知本句的含义是尽管多数人都会拒绝杀人的行为，因此答案是A．reject 表示"拒绝"．其他选项的含义分别是B．admit"承认"；C．control"控制"；D．doubt"怀疑"．
58．B．推理判断题．根据第三段中的When an animal experiences harm to help a relative，biologists view this as increasing the chances that the animal's genes will survive可知当一个动物经历伤害以帮助亲属，生物学家认为这就增加了动物基因幸存的机会．，所以答案是 B A deer staying behind its group when hunted by tigers，
59．D．细节题．根据第四段中的The experiment shows we have at least two parallel systems for deciding right and wrong：one that says some actions，like killing，are bad，and another that tells us to protect kin．可知我们有两条平行的道德法则来决定对错，一个说杀人是错的，而另一个又告诉我们为了保护亲族这么做是对的，所以答案是D．two moral systems that we have seem in conflict我们的两条道德法则是相互矛盾的．
60．D．推理判断题．根据第一段的问题，第二段的电车实验，第三段的亲情法则，以及第四段我们相互矛盾的两条道德法则可知道德法则在某些情况下是灵活的可以变化的，所以答案是 D．flexible"灵活的，变化的"．其他选项的含义分别是A．scientific"科学的"；B．reasonable"合理的"；C．harmful"有害的"．

点评 考查科教类阅读．推理判断题最主要的就是注重文章结构的逻辑关系，抓住关键词，结合有关的生活和社会常识，理清文章的结构层次、文章内容和文章的中心思想，推断作者的写作意图和写作目的，进行推断．