The concept of culture has been defined many times, and although no definition has achieved universal acceptance, most of the definitions include three central ideas: that culture is passed on from generation to generation, that a culture represents a ready-made principle for living and for making day-to-day decisions, and, finally, that the components of a culture are accepted by those in the culture as good, and true, and not to be questioned. The eminent anthropologist George Murdock has listed seventy-three items that characterize every known culture, past and present.
The list begins with Age-grading and Athletic sports, runs to Weaning and Weather Control, and includes on the way such items as Calendar, Fire making, Property Rights, and Tool making. I would submit that even the most extreme advocate of a culture of poverty viewpoint would readily acknowledge that, with respect to almost all of these items, every American, beyond the first generation immigrant, regardless of race or class, is a member of a common culture. We all share pretty much the same sports. Maybe poor kids don’t know how to play polo, and rich kids don’t spend time with stickball, but we all know baseball, football, and basketball. Despite some misguided efforts to raise minor dialects to the status of separate tongues, we all, in fact, share the same language.
There may be differences in diction and usage, but it would be ridiculous to say that all Americans don’t speak English. We have the calendar, the law, and large numbers of other cultural items in common. It may well be true that on a few of the seventy-three items there are minor variations between classes, but these kinds of things are really slight variations on a common theme.
There are other items that show variability, not in relation to class, but in relation to religion and ethnic background — funeral customs and cooking, for example. But if there is one place in America where the melting pot is a reality, it is on the kitchen stove; in the course of one month, half the readers of this sentence have probably eaten pizza, hot pastrami, and chow mein. Specific differences that might be identified as signs of separate cultural identity are relatively insignificant within the general unity of American life; they are cultural commas and semicolons in the paragraphs and pages of American life.
1.According to the author’s definition of culture, ________.
A. a culture should be accepted and maintained universally
B. a culture should be free from falsehood and evils
C. the items of a culture should be taken for granted by people
D. the items of a culture should be accepted by well-educated people
2.What can we learn from the passage?
A. Baseball, football and basketball are popular sports in America.
B. Different classes have different cultures.
C. Playing polo is popular among kids.
D. There is no variation in using the American language.
3.It can be inferred that ________ will most probably be included in the seventy-three items.
A. accent | B. polo | C. dream patterns | D. table manners |
4.The author’s main purpose in writing this passage is to ________.
A. prove that different people have different definitions of culture
B. warn that variations exist as far as a culture is concerned
C. indicate that culture is closely connected with social classes
D. show that the idea that the poor or the rich establish a separate culture is an absurdity
科目:高中英语 来源:205-2016学年吉林毓文中学高二下期中考试英语试卷(解析版) 题型:单项填空
Lucy has a great sense of humor and always keeps her colleagues with her stories.
A. amused B. amusing
C. to amuse D. to be amused
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科目:高中英语 来源:2016-2017学年辽宁庄河高中高二上期中考试英语卷(解析版) 题型:阅读理解
Your next Saturday night takeaway could be brought to you by a robot after a major food delivery company announced plans to use automated vehicles to transport meals. Europe’s biggest online takeaway food company Just Eat has partnered with Starship Technologies to deliver food with robots on the streets of London later this month. “Nobody has ever done deliveries with land-based robots,” said Allan Martinson, the chief operating officer of Starship.
The robot courier can travel up to 4 miles per hour for about 10 miles. It uses a GPS signal and nine cameras to navigate(确定方向). Instead of a person arriving at their door, customers could find themselves receiving a notification(通知) on their phone that says a robot is on its way and a code to unlock the automated courier. “Put the code in, the robot opens up, and there’s your food,” said David Buttress, chief manager of Just Eat.
The robot, which has so far been tested in Greenwich, Milton Keynes and Glastonbury, costs £1 to transport within 3 miles, compared with the £3 to £6 it costs for a human courier. To date 30 robots have driven nearly 5,000 miles without getting into an accident or finding themselves picked on by passers-by. They have driven in more than 40 cities around the world, including London and Tallinn, Estonia.
An initial worry was how the public would react to robots. But Martinson said the public has been calm when passing the delivery machine on the streets. “The most surprising reaction has been the lack of reaction,” said Martinson.
Another significant fear was that people would disrupt(扰乱) the robots, or try to steal them and their contents. To prevent this, the robot is fitted with nine cameras, two way audio, and movement sensors that send a warning if it is lifted off the ground. And it opens only with a pass code provided to the customer via a notification. “It’s much easier to shoplift than it is to steal a robot,” said Martinson.
1.The test of Starship robots shows that ________.
A. they are easy to operate
B. the robot delivery is appreciated in big cities
C. the robot delivery is cheaper than human delivery
D. they can travel for 10 hours continuously
2.Which of the following is one of the worries about Starship robots?
A. People’s indifference to the robots.
B. Safety of the robot delivery.
C. Accuracy of the robot delivery.
D. People’s concern about public traffic.
3.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A. Great Improvement of Just Eat
B. Global Trend of Food Companies
C. New Robots to Move on the Road
D. Delivery Robots to Replace Takeaway Drivers
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科目:高中英语 来源:2016-2017学年辽宁庄河高中高二上期中考试英语卷(解析版) 题型:单项填空
The word “variety” is ________ “kind” ________ meaning.
A. similar to; inB. similar with; in
C. similar with; byD. similar to; by
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科目:高中英语 来源:2017届重庆一中高三上期中考试英语试卷(解析版) 题型:书面表达
高三年级是高中生活的最后一年,这一年中,学生们面临着沉重的升学压力。因此,很多学生课间也坐在教室里用功,但学习效率和成绩并不理想。由此你想告诉他们:适当的休息很有必要。现在就请你以“A Ten-minute Break”为题,按下列要点写一篇短文,让这些同学从中有所启发。要点如下:
1.十分钟的课间休息很有必要。
2.要注意适当的休息方式。
3.你是怎样利用这十分钟的。
注意:①开头已经给出,不计入总词数;②词数100左右。
A Ten-minute Break
As a Senior Three student, time seems much limited._______________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________
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科目:高中英语 来源:2016-2017学年广西桂林十八中高二上期段考英语卷(解析版) 题型:短文改错
短文改错
文中共有 10处语言错误,每句中最多有两处。错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧),并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除:把多余的词用(\)划掉。
修改:在错的词下画一横线(___),并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意:1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词; 2.只允许修改10处,多者(从第11处起)不计分。
Nowadays millions of people of all age take pleasure in a hobby which is both interested and fun. Every year more and more people started a stamp collection of your own. In addition, they discover an interest which can even last a lifetime. Stamps are everywhere, as result, starting a collection of stamps are easy. Holiday and birthday postcards from relatives but letters from friends can all provide people for stamps from all over the world. But once a person has started collecting serious, he will probably want to join in the Stamp Collectors’ Club which exists to add more stamps to his collection.
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科目:高中英语 来源:2016-2017学年广西桂林十八中高二上期段考英语卷(解析版) 题型:阅读理解
People aren’t walking any more---if they can figure out a way to avoid it.
I felt superior(不为……所动) about this matter until the other day I took my car to mail a small parcel. The journey is a matter of 281 steps. But I used the car. And I wasn’t in any hurry, either. I had merely become one more victim of a national sickness: motorosis.
It is an illness to which I had thought myself immune(免疫的), for I was brought up in the tradition of going to places on my own two legs. At that time, we regarded 25 miles as good day’s walk and the ability to cover such a distance in ten hours as sign of strength and skill. It did not occur to us that walking was a hardship. And the effect was lasting. When I was 45 years old I raced -–and beat-—a teenage football player the 168 steps up the Stature of Liberty.
Such enterprises today are regarded by many middle-aged persons as bad for the heart. But a well-known British physician, Sir Adolphe Abrahams, pointed out recently that hearts and bodies need proper exercise. A person who avoids exercise is more likely to have illnesses than one who exercises regularly. And walking is an ideal form of exercise--- the most familiar and natural of all.
It was Henry Thoreau who showed mankind the richness of going on foot. The man walking can learn the trees, flower, insects, birds and animals, the significance of seasons, the very feel of himself as a living creature in a living world. He cannot learn in a car.
The car is a convenient means of transport, but we have made it our way of life. Many people don’t dare to approach nature any more; to them the world they were born to enjoy is all threat. To them security is a steel river thundering on a concrete road. And much of their thinking takes place while waiting for the traffic light to turn green.
I say that the green of forests is the mind’s best light. And none but the man on foot can evaluate what is basic and everlasting.
1. What is the national sickness?
A. Walking too much B. Traveling too much
C. Driving cars too much D. Climbing stairs too much.
2.What was life like when the author was young?
A. People usually went around on foot.
B. people often walked 25 miles a day
C. People used to climb the Statue of Liberty.
D. people considered a ten-hour walk as a hardship.
3. The author mentions Henry Thoreau to prove that______.
A. middle-aged people like getting back to nature
B. walking in nature helps enrich one’s mind
C. people need regular exercise to keep fit
D. going on foot prevents heart disease
4.What is the author’s intention of writing this passage?
A. To tell people to reflect(思考) more on life.
B. To recommend people to give up driving
C. To advise people to do outdoor activities
D. To encourage people to return to walking
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科目:高中英语 来源:2017届江苏南通中学高三上期中考试英语卷(解析版) 题型:完形填空
请认真阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
Ever since I moved to Beijing in August, people have been telling me about the Fragrant Hills—________ the autumn views they offer.
So last Sunday I ________ two poor, simple laowai. We looked forward with childish ________ to golden leaves and the pleasant ________ of the pines in the crisp October air. After an hour-long subway and taxi ride, we found ourselves on a vast ring road interchange, boiling with traffic and people coming from all ________. It seemed that all China had decided to ________ to the Fragrant Hills that day.
The words “Fragrant Hills” paint a picture of natural ________ and harmony—not rows of shops and ________ vendors (小贩) screaming at you to buy their goods.
After half an hour of ________ through the sea of bodies, we made it into the park. All pretences (假装) of polite “Britishness” were washed away as we ________ moved people aside with two hands—the only way of making progress. A couple of times, we attempted a bit of walking ________ the path, only to be stung (刺) by poison ivy. We sadly returned to the ________. Then suddenly, just past a temple, we caught sight of a dirt track. The people ________. We were the only ones there. There were ________ golden leaves and peaceful pine forests. After that we, extremely ________, collapsed (倒) onto rocks and brought out our lunchboxes.
________ the time came when we had to grit (咬紧) our teeth and throw ourselves ________ again. It took another half hour of fruitless ________ before we could collapse into a taxi. At about 7 pm, I finally arrived at my ________ station, home sweet home, exhausted and aching. I had found my Fragrant Hills, my oasis (愉快之处) of ________, my harmony—in Chaoyang district.
1.A. particularlyB. obviouslyC. mysteriouslyD. absolutely
2.A. cheered upB. brought upC. gathered upD. woke up
3.A. travelB. excitementC. interestD. expectation
4.A. feelingB. smellC. outlinesD. branches
5.A. schoolsB. townsC. countriesD. directions
6.A. comeB. adaptC. contributeD. stick
7.A. phenomenaB. forcesC. stateD. beauty
8.A. noisyB. greedyC. ordinaryD. kind
9.A. wanderingB. joggingC. swimmingD. struggling
10.A. angrilyB. arbitrarily
C. physicallyD. unconsciously
11.A. throughB. offC. acrossD. on
12.A. roadB. crowdC. entranceD. park
13.A. waitedB. regrettedC. complainedD. disappeared
14.A. unexpectedB. unknownC. ourD. their
15.A. tiredB. amazedC. excitedD. bored
16.A. AndB. ForC. SoD. But
17.A. uphillB. awayC. insideD. together
18.A. standingB. yellingC. wavingD. praying
19.A. televisionB. gasC. subwayD. irrigation
20.A. calmB. decorationC. ambitionD. agency
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科目:高中英语 来源:2016-2017学年甘肃天水一中高二上第二阶段考英语卷(解析版) 题型:阅读理解
What will man be like in the future—in 5,000 or even 50,000 years from now? We can only make a guess, of course, but we can be sure that he will be different from what he is today, for man is slowly changing all the time.
Let us take an obvious example. Man, even five hundred years ago, was shorter than he is today. Now, on average, men are about three inches taller, so we may assume (假定) that man will continue to grow taller. Again, as time goes on, we shall have to use our brains more and more. This is likely to bring about a physical change to the head, in particular, the forehead will grow larger.
Nowadays our eyes are in constant use. In fact, we use them so much that very often they become weaker and we have to wear glasses. But over a very long period of time it is likely that man’s eyes will grow stronger.
On the other hand, we are likely to make less use of our arms and legs, which, as a result, are likely to grow weaker. At the same time, however, our fingers will grow more sensitive because they are used a great deal in modern life.
But what about hair? This will probably disappear from the body altogether in course of time because it does not serve a useful purpose any longer.
Perhaps all these give the impression that in the future man will not be a very attractive creature to look at! This may well be true. All the same, in spite of all these changes, future man will still have a lot in common with us.
1. What does the passage mainly tell us?
A. Man’s life will be different in the future.
B. Future man will look quite different from us.
C. Man is growing taller and uglier as time passes.
D. Man’s organs’ functions will be weaker.
2. What serves as the evidence that man is changing?
A. Man’s hair is getting thinner and thinner.
B. Man has got stronger eyes now than he ever had.
C. Man’s arms and legs have become lighter and weaker.
D. Man has been growing taller over the past 500 years.
3. According to the passage, we can learn that ________.
A. human beings will become less attractive in the future
B. less use of a part of the body will become weaker
C. human beings hope for a change in the future life
D. future life is always predictable
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