Question

11．The emotional bond a child secures with its parents has a greater impact on its education than previously thought，a report suggests．The Sutton Trust study says children's early attachment to parents has far-reaching consequences for their ability to speak，learn and think．Parents who are insecure themselves find it harder to provide children with security，it says．And the report calls for more help so parents can develop such crucial bonds．The study focuses on the application of the theory of attachment-a key theory in child development and psychology．This says the degree to which children are secure and resilient as they grow up depends on their own early experiences with their mothers and fathers and how they have bonded．
The report from the Sutton Trust education charity，entitled Baby Bonds，makes the case that it has an important impact on children's future educational chances as well as their emotional well-being．It is based on an analysis of more than 100studies on the issue，including home visits and assessments and observations of children in a range of countries．The trust argues that although psychologists have been aware of attachment theory，it has not been seen by policy makers as a key influence on educational attainment．And it asks them to take this into account．The report says when babies and toddlers do not form these strong parental bonds-known as secure attachment-they are more likely to exhibit poor language and poor behavior before they reach school．
And it cites international studies which suggest this continues late into life，with insecure children more likely to leave school early or duck out of employment or training．They are also more likely to suffer from aggression，defiance and hyperactivity later in life．
The Sutton Trust says its analysis of the research suggests that about 40% of children in the UK lack a secure attachment with their parents．Lead author Sophie Moullin said that when her team looked at large scale representative studies in a number of countries they all found，from their observations，that between 38% and 42% of children suffered from poor attachment in all the different study locations．She added："Secure attachment really helps children with emotional and social development and at school it really helps them to manage their behavior．Shouting，looking out of the window，hitting each other…These are the things that teachers will tell you that are stopping children from learning．It's really only as we understand more about these behavior problems that we have decided that a lot of it goes back to this early bonding with parents．"
Research director at the trust Conor Ryan said："Better bonding between parents and babies could lead to more social mobility，as there is such a clear link to education，behavior and future employment．The educational divide emerges early in life，with a 19-month school readiness gap between the most and least advantaged children by the age of five．
This report clearly identifies the fundamental role secure attachment could have in narrowing that school readiness gap and improving children's life chances．"More support from health visitors，children's centers together with local authorities in helping parents improve how they bond with young children could play a role in narrowing the education gap．"

The Sutton Trust study
Introduction	The study reveals children's early attachment to parents （71）largely/greatly affects their ability to speak，learn and think．
Method of the study	Researchers （72）analyzed/analysed more than 100case studies on the issue through visiting homes，assessing children and （73）observingchildren．
Statistics of the study	•In the UK，only about 60% of children have a secure attachment with their parents． •In other countries where the studies were carried out，the numbers are quite （74）close．
Negative effects of insecure （75）attachment	•A （76）lack of secure parental bonding may lead to poor language and behavior for preschool children． At the age of five，the （77）biggest school readiness gap between children can be 19months． •Without secure attachment，future life difficulties such as quitting school，（78）hiding/escaping from work and other emotional issues would emerge．
The significance of parental attachment	Better bonding between parents and babies could lead to a change in people's social （79）status because it narrows children's school readiness gap and it improves children's life chances．
Suggestion	A （80）combined/joint effort is needed for strong parent-child bonding．

Answer 1

分析 本文是一篇科教类阅读．文章主要介绍了一个孩子与父母不安全的依附关系对于孩子的教育，包括他们的说话，学习和思考能力有着很大的影响．研究者们通过走访家庭，评估和观察许多孩子，对100多个案例进行了分析．结果表明：和父母之间有更好的安全的依附关系有助于社会地位的变化，可以提高孩子的社会地位．因此研究者们号召人们共同努力来帮助孩子父母加强与孩子的安全的依附关系，以减少教育差异．

解答 71．largely/greatly 信息提取题．根据第一段The emotional bond a child secures with its parents has a greater impact on its education than previously thought，a report suggests．可知一个孩子与父母不安全的依附关系对于孩子的教育，包括他们的说话，学习和思考能力有着很大的影响．因此填入副词largely/greatly作状语．故填 largely/greatly．
72．analyzed/analysed 信息提取题．根据第二段It is based on an analysis of more than 100studies on the issue，including home visits and assessments and observations of children in a range of countries．可知研究者们通过走访家庭，评估和观察许多孩子，对100多个案例进行了分析．故填analyzed/analysed．
73．observing 信息提取题．根据第二段It is based on an analysis of more than 100studies on the issue，including home visits and assessments and observations of children in a range of countries．可知研究者们通过走访家庭，评估和观察许多孩子，对100多个案例进行了分析．此处应该填observations的动词形式．故填observing．
74．close 信息转换题．根据第四段that between 38% and 42% of children suffered from poor attachment in all the different study locations．中的"between 38% and 42%"可知，这些数字很接近．故填close．
75．attachment 信息提取题．根据第二段The report says when babies and toddlers do not form these strong parental bonds-known as secure attachment-they are more likely to exhibit poor language and poor behavior before they reach school．及本空右栏的内容可知，不安全的依附关系会给孩子带来负面的影响．本空应填一个名词，attachment表示"依附，依恋"符合语境．故填attachment．
76．lack 信息转换题．根据第二段The report says when babies and toddlers do not form these strong parental bonds-known as secure attachment-they are more likely to exhibit poor language and poor behavior before they reach school．可知这种与父母安全感纽带的缺失会影响到学前儿童的语言和行为能力．故填lack．
77．biggest 信息转换题．根据第五段with a 19-month school readiness gap between the most and least advantaged children by the age of five．可知这种与父母之间的不安全的依附关系对于孩子会造成教育差距，在五岁时可以多达到19个月．故填biggest．
78．hiding/escaping 信息转换题．根据第三段with insecure children more likely to leave school early or duck out of employment or training．可知缺乏与父母的安全的依附关系，孩子更容易在将来辍学，逃避工作或训练等．故填hiding/escaping．
79．status 信息提取题．根据第五段Better bonding between parents and babies could lead to more social mobility，as there is such a clear link to education，behavior and future employment．可知和父母之间有更好的安全的依附关系有助于社会地位的变化，可以提高孩子的社会地位．故填status．
80．combined/joint 信息提取题．根据第六段中的内容可知，研究者们号召人们共同努力来帮助孩子父母加强与孩子的安全的依附关系，以减少教育差异．因此填入分词combined/joint作定语．故填combined/joint．

点评 本文考察学生的信息提取与信息转换能力，只要抓住文章的关键词，采用寻读的方法查找细节，就能找到正确答案．