Memory is the ability to keep track of things that have happened in the past. Memory really is learning. One needs memory to ride a bicycle. A dog needs to remember if it is to come when called.
Memory is said to be stored in the brain as a “memory trace（记忆痕）.” What makes up this trace is not known. Some scientists believe that certain chemical substances may carry certain memories. For example, one substance, when given to rats, causes them to fear the dark.
Other research into memory has to do with how the brain works. Psychologists use three means to find out how a person remembers. For example, give a person a grocery list. Let the person memorize the list, then put it away. The most natural way to find out how much a person remembers of the grocery list is to ask what he or she remembers. This is called the method of recall. Another method is called recognition. Give the person another grocery list. Ask him or her to choose items on the first list from the items that are on only the second list. Often a person will be able to recognize things that he or she cannot recall. A third method of finding how much a person remembers is called relearning. Here the person is asked to read over the first list. The person will probably learn the list the second time faster than he did the first time. The difference in the time it takes to relearn the list is thought of as a measure of how much a person has remembered.
One way of remembering something is to repeat it many times. Interest is very important. Boring lists of facts are much more difficult to remember than something that we understand and are interested in. Motivation, or wanting to do something, is also important. Motivation is linked with reward. For example, a hungry animal quickly learns how to do something if that action gets the animal food. In humans, wanting to learn is often motivation. The praise of a teacher or the knowledge that an answer is correct is rewarding.
【小题1】We can learn from the 2nd paragraph that ___________ .
| A．bad memories may cause rats to fear the dark |
| B．it is hard to tell what a memory trace consists of |
| C．chemical substances carry certain memories |
| D．memory is stored in the brain as a substance |
| A．recognition | B．recall | C．memorization | D．relearning |
| A．The length of the list. |
| B．The type of list items. |
| C．The time difference of relearning. |
| D．The time difference of brain working. |
| A．make the action easy | B．praise it in words |
| C．reward it with food | D．weaken its motivation |
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黄冈小状元同步计算天天练系列答案科目：高中英语 来源： 题型：阅读理解
Some years ago, a Miami woman walking through an office building noticed two men standing together. Several minutes after her leaving, the men murdered a person working in the building. The police determined that the woman was the only witness and could possibly describe them. However, her memory of the men proved disappointingly unclear. Several days later, psychologist Ronald Fisher was brought in to obtain a more complete account from the woman. His interview produced a breakthrough—the woman reported a clear picture of one of the suspects. The important information enabled the police to arrest the suspect and close the case.
The police asked Fisher for help because of his rich knowledge in cognitive interview, a kind of memory-rebuilding process. Memory researchers have found that people trying to remember a past event often only recall(回忆) part of the relevant information. Human memory is selective and it is often distorted by stress. But a person’s accurate recall of an event or understanding of a question can be improved using specific interviewing techniques. The “cognitive interview” was developed in the late 1990s. It encourages the witness to take an active role in recalling information rather than giving answers only to someone else’s questions. The witness first describes what happened in his or her own words, with no interviewer interruptions. The interviewer then goes further with specific techniques, such as having the witness tell the details of what happened from different perspectives (角度).
The cognitive interview focuses on guiding witnesses through four general recalling techniques: thinking about physical surroundings and personal feelings that existed at the time of past events; reporting everything that comes to mind about those events, no matter how broken it is; retelling events in a variety of time orders, such as from beginning to end, end to beginning, forward or backward; and adopting different perspectives while recalling events.
Experiments with police detectives trained in this demanding interview method find that they obtain nearly 50% more information from witnesses than before training, while error rates remain about the same. It is proved that cognitive interviews are quite important tools in improving the accuracy and completeness of witness testimony (证词).
The purpose of the passage is to ______.
A. give an account of a murder case
B. introduce an idea of cognitive interview
C. prove Fisher was an expert in cognitive interview
D. help a witness to recall information in a cognitive interview
What is required to recall in a cognitive interview for a witness?
A. The exact time at which a murder took place.
B. The information about the event in the time order.
C. The important things that come to his or her mind.
D. The surroundings and feelings at the time of the event.
The key point in a cognitive interview is that ______.
A. the witness is encouraged to take part in recalling information
B. the interviewer should interrupt the witness from time to time
C. the interview should take place outside the police station
D. the witness should recall details at the scene of the event
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科目：高中英语 来源：2012-2013学年广东省始兴县风度中学高一上学期期末考试英语试卷（带解析） 题型：阅读理解
Some people have very good memory（记忆力） and they can easily remember quite long texts. There are other people who can only remember things when they have said them again and again. The famous English writer Charles Dickens said that he could walk down any long street in London and then tell you the name of every shop he had passed. Many great men of the world have a wonderful memory.
A good memory is greatly helpful in learning a language. Everybody learns his own language by remembering what he hears when he is a small child, and some children, like the boys and girls who live abroad(国外) with their parents, seem to learn two languages almost as easily as one. In school it is not so easy to learn a second language because the students have so little time for it, and they are very busy with other subjects too.
A man’s mind is like a camera, but it takes photos not only of what we see but also of what we feel, hear, smell and taste. When we take a real photo with a camera, Some people have very good memory（记忆力） and they can easily remember quite long texts.In the same way, there is much work to be done before we can keep a picture forever(永远) in our minds.
Memory is a diary, and we all carry it about us. We keep things we have experienced (经历)in this diary.
【小题1】Which of the following is true?
| A．Charles Dickens had a good memory because he was a famous writer. |
| B．People without a good memory cannot be great men of the world. |
| C．People became great because they have a good memory. |
| D．Many people may never become great though they have a good memory. |
| A．live abroad | B．write it every day |
| C．often hear it | D．go to school |
| A．what we see |
| B．what we feel and hear |
| C．what we smell and taste |
| D．what we see, feel, hear, smell and taste |
| A．you can learn a second language easily |
| B．you can remember things for ever easily |
| C．you can learn your own language easily |
| D．you can remember things better |
| A．We all keep a diary in our mind. |
| B．One has to do a lot of work before he can keep a picture in his mind forever. |
| C．A person with a good memory can remember things forever. |
| D．A good memory helps to remember everything forever. |
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科目：高中英语 来源：广东省2010届高考英语语法填空题专项训练七十五篇 题型：其他题
基础训练篇（17）
In order to know a foreign language thoroughly, four things are necessary. Firstly, we must understand the language when we hear 1. spoken. Secondly, we must be able to speak it ourselves correctly with confidence and without hesitation. 2. , we must be able to read the language, and fourthly, we must be able to write it. We must be able to make sentences that are grammatically correct.
There is no easy way to success 3. language learning. 4. good memory is a great help, but it is not enough only 5. (memorize) rules from a grammar book. It is not much use learning by heart long lists of words and 6. meanings, studying the dictionary and so on. We must learn by using the language. 7. we are satisfied with only a few rules we have memorized, we are not really learning the language. “Learn through use” is a good piece of 8. (advise) for those 9. are studying a new language. Practice is important. We must practise speaking and 10. (write) the language whenever we can.
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科目：高中英语 来源：2012届度贵州省高二第一学期期末英语试卷 题型：其他题
单词拼写(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)
66.The continue 1. (保持)in touch with each other by e-mail.
67. His memory is very 2.(精确的); he never makes mistakes.
68. Bill was doing a lot of exercise to build up his 3.(力量).
69. Children should be told not to follow4. (陌生人).
70. If you tell lies, it is you who will 5. (受痛苦)in the end.
71. Several years ago her husband died 6.(突然地)at the age of 64.
72. The heavy snow did great7. (损害)to the fruit trees.
73. The 8.含量)of milk fat is not less than 8.5 percent.
74. The moving snake 9. (吓坏) the little girl just now.
75. He 10.(劝告) that Tom and I buy the new tire.
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