A practical English Grammar is intended for intermediate（中级的） and post-intermediate students. We hope that more advanced learners and teachers will also find it useful.
The book is a comprehensive survey of structures and forms, written in clear modern English and illustrated with numerous examples. Areas of particular difficulty have been given special attention. Differences between conversational usage and strict grammatical forms are shown but the emphasis is on controversial forms.
In the fourth edition the main changes are as follows.
1. Explanation and examples have been brought up to date.
2. There is now more information on countable and uncountable nouns, attributive and predicative adjectives, adverbs of place, sentence adverbs, cleft sentences, prepositions, conjunctives, modal verbs, perfect tenses, infinitive constructions, the passive, purpose clauses and nouns.
3. Some material has been rearranged to make comparisons easier. For example, parts of chapters on can, may, must etc. are now grouped by functions; verbs of liking and preference have a chapter to themselves; suggestions and invitations have joined the chapter on commands, requests and advice.
4. The contents list now summaries every edition heading, and there is a new index containing many more entries references.
In this edition the sign “~” is frequently used to show a change of speaker in examples of dialogue. Note also that although the sign “="”" sometimes connects two words or expressions with the same meaning, it is often used more freely, e.g. to indicate a transformation from active to passive or direct to indirect speech.
We wish to thank all at Oxford University Press who have assisted in the preparation of the fourth edition. We would also like to thank Professor Egawa of Nihon University, Japan, Professor Rene Dirven of Duisburg University, West Germany and other colleagues for their friendly and helpful suggestions.
London, November 1985 A.J.T., A.VM
【小题1】The grammar book mentioned in this passage is not suitable for .
| A．a middle school teacher | B．a primary school student |
| C．a senior high student | D．a college student |
| A．compares modern English with old English |
| B．gives a large number of examples to reduce difficulty |
| C．attaches more importance to conversational forms |
| D．pays little attention to strict grammatical forms |
| A．This book keeps up with the latest usages of the America English language. |
| B．This edition offers more information about pronouns. |
| C．It’s not easy for us to find the information we need in this book. |
| D．One particular chapter discusses verbs like “care, like, love, hate, prefer, wish”. |
| A．the two parts before and after the sign “~” mean the same |
| B．the two parts before and after “~” are said by two different people |
| C．the second speaker repeats what the first speaker says |
| D．the topic is changed in the part after the sign “~” |
| A．they have helped the authors with this edition |
| B．they have agreed to buy a lot of books from the authors |
| C．the authors want to make use of the fames of those people |
| D．those people will make advertisements for this book |
【小题1】B
【小题2】C
【小题3】D
【小题4】B
【小题5】A
解析试题分析：本文主要介绍了实用英语语法书的特点及对它的第四版主要不同的地方进行了介绍。
【小题1】细节题。根据文章第一段A practical English Grammar is intended for intermediate（中级的） and post-intermediate students.实用英语语法适合中级水平或者更高水平的学者。即不适用于小学生。故选B
【小题2】细节题。根据第二段Differences between conversational usage and strict grammatical forms are shown but the emphasis is on controversial forms.可知，更加注重于有争议的形式，故选C.
【小题3】细节题判断题。根据第三条verbs of liking and preference have a chapter to themselves;可知某一个特定的章节会来讨论意思相近的动词的区别，故选D.
【小题4】细节题。从In this edition the sign “~” is frequently used to show a change of speaker in examples of dialogue.可知，“~”表示两个不同的人在对话，所以前后两部分是不同的人说话的内容，故选B.
【小题5】细节题。从最后一段We would also like to thank Professor Egawa of Nihon University, Japan, Professor Rene Dirven of Duisburg University, West Germany and other colleagues for their friendly and helpful suggestions.可知，他们这些人都给作者提供了好的建议和帮助，故选A.
考点：教育类说明文
点评：本文不难，生词多但并影响理解。文中主要对这本实用语法书进行了有针对性的介绍。对于细节题较多的文章，学生应该抱有信心，因为每个答案都在文章中，解答此类文章要注重细节，对长句子要耐心分析成分，结合题目仔细的作答。
优学名师名题系列答案科目：高中英语 来源：2013届河南省焦作市高三第二次模拟考试英语试卷（带解析） 题型：阅读理解
Scientists from South Korea are trying to convert（转化）sound waves into electricity. The research could lead to charging a cell phone from a conversation or providing energy to the nation’s electricity system generated（产生）by the noise during rash-hour traffic.
“Just as speakers transform electrical signals into sound, the opposite process —turning sound into a source of electrical power — is possible,” said Young Jun Park and Sang-Woo Kim, the joint authors of a new article in the journal Advanced Materials.
Harvesting energy from phone calls and passing cars is based on materials known as piezoelectrics. When bent, piezoelectric materials turn that mechanical energy into electricity. Lots of materials are piezoelectric: cane sugar, quartz （石英）and even dried bone which could create an electrical charge when stressed. For decades, scientists have pumped electricity into piezoelectric materials for use in environmental sensors, speakers and other devices.
Over the past few years, however, scientists have made dramatic advances in getting electricity out of piezoelectric devices. In an experiment, by using sound waves, which at 100 decibels（分贝）were not quite as loud as a rock concert （a normal conversation is about 60-70 decibels）, the South Korean scientists produced a mild electrical current of about 50 millivolts（毫伏）. The average cell phone requires a few volts to function, several times the power this technology can currently produce.
“But the real question is whether there is enough surrounding noise to act as a power source as for a cell phone,” said McAlpine, a leading scientist. A consumer probably wouldn’t want to attend a rock concert or stand next to a passing train to charge his cell phone. The South Korean scientists agree but they expect to get a higher power output as they continue their work.
【小题1】According to the two South Korean scientists, ________.
| A．sound waves can travel faster than electricity |
| B．new materials can send cell phone signals better |
| C．using cell phones adds to heavy traffic in rush hour |
| D．electricity and sound can be transformed into each other |
| A．can produce electricity when stressed |
| B．are good at changing electricity into sound |
| C．can reduce the noise of passing cars |
| D．have been widely used in phones and cars |
| A．it is hard to change sound into electricity under current conditions |
| B．it is impossible to make use of loud sound |
| C．the technology has a long way to go to have a practical use |
| D．the technology can power cell phones easily |
| A．the noise pollution | B．the sound resource |
| C．the cost of piezoelectrics | D．the safety of devices |
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科目：高中英语 来源：2013届浙江省重点中学协作体高三摸底测试英语试卷（带解析） 题型：阅读理解
If your preschoolers turn up their noses at carrots or celery, a small reward like a sticker for taking even a taste may help get them to eat previously disliked foods, a UK study said.
Though it might seem obvious that a reward could encourage young children to eat their vegetables, the idea is actually controversial, researchers wrote in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. That’s because some studies have shown that rewards can backfire and cause children to lose interest in foods they already liked, said Jane Wardle, a researcher at University College London who worked on the study. Verbal praise, such as “Brilliant! You’re a great vegetable taster,” did not work as well.
The study found t hat when parents gave their small children a sticker each time they took a “tiny taste” of a disliked vegetable, it gradually changed their attitudes. The children were also willing to eat more of the vegetables-either carrots, celery, cucumber, red pepper, cabbage or sugar snap peas-in laboratory taste tests, the study said.
Researchers randomly assigned（分派）173 families to one of these groups. In one, parents used stickers to reward their children each time they took a tiny sample of a disliked vegetable. A second group of parents used verbal praise. The third group, where parents used no special vegetable-promoting methods, served as a “control”.
Parents in the reward groups offered their children a taste of the “target” vegetable every day of 12 days, Soon after, children in the sticker group were giving higher ratings to the vegetables-and were willing to eat more in the research lab, going from an average of 5 grams at the start to about 10 grams after the 12-day experience. The turnaround also seemed to last, with preschoolers in the sticker group still willing to eat more of the once disliked vegetable three months later.
Why didn’t the verbal praise work? Wardle said the parents’ words may have seemed “insincere” to their children.
【小题1】The purpose of writing the passage is .
| A．to introduce a practical method of making children eat vegetables |
| B．to show the procedure of an experiment on children’s diet |
| C．to explain why children hate to eat vegetables |
| D．to present a proper way of vernal praise to parents |
| A．shoot from behind the back |
| B．make a lire in the hackyard |
| C．produce an unexpected result |
| D．achieve what was planned |
| A．Most children are born to dislike carrots or celery. |
| B．It remains a question whether rewarding is a good way to get children to eat vegetables. |
| C．Oral praise wokrs quite well in encouraging children to eat vegetables. |
| D．Children in the sticker group will never lose interest in eating vegetables. |
| A．By comparison. | B．By asking questions. |
| C．By giving examples, | D．By discussion. |
| A．Children like rewards, not verbal praise. |
| B．Parents should praise their children in a sincere tone. |
| C．Children are difficult to inspire. |
| D．Parents should give up verbal praise. |
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科目：高中英语 来源：2013-2014学年福建省莆田一中漳州一中高三上学期期末联考英语试卷（解析版） 题型：阅读理解
A few months ago as I wandered through my parents’ house, the same house I grew up in, I had a sudden, scary realization. When my parents bought the house, in 1982, they were only two years older than I am now. I tried to imagine myself in two years, ready to settle down and buy the house I’d still be living in almost 30 years later.
??? It seemed ridiculous. On a practical level, there’s no way I could afford to buy a house anytime soon. More importantly, I wouldn’t want to. I’m not sure where I’ll be living in two years, or what kind of job I’ll have. And I don’t think I’ll be ready to settle down and stay in one place.
??? So this is probably the generation gap that divides my friends and me from our parents. When our parents were our age, they’d gotten their education, chosen a career, and were starting to settle into responsible adult lives.
??? My friends and I – “Generation Y” – still aren’t sure what we want to do with our lives. Whatever we end up doing, we want to make sure we’re happy doing it. We’d rather take risks first, try out different jobs, and move from one city to another until we find our favorite place. We’d rather spend our money on travel than put it in a savings account.
??? This casual attitude towards responsibility has caused some critics to call my generation “arrogant”, “impatient”, and “overprotected”. Some of these complaints have a point. As children we were encouraged to succeed in school, but also to have fun. We grew up in a world full of technological innovation: cellphones, the Internet, instant messaging, and video games.
??? Our parents looked to rise vertically（垂直的）– starting at the bottom of the ladder and slowly making their way to the top, on the same track, often for the same company. That doesn’t apply to my generation.
??? Because of that, it may take us longer than our parents to arrive at responsible, stable adulthood. But that’s not necessarily a bad thing. In our desire to find satisfaction, we will work harder, struggle for ways to keep life interesting, and gain a broader set of experiences and knowledge than our parents’ generation did.??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
1.What is the main “generation gap” between the author and her friends and their parents according to the article?
A. Their ways of gaining experience.
B. Their attitude towards responsibility.
C. Their attitude toward high technology.
D. Their ways of making their way to the top.
2.Which of the following might the author agree with?
A. It involves too much effort to rise vertically.
B. It’s better to take adult responsibility earlier.
C. It’s all right to try more before settling down.
D. It’s ridiculous to call her generation “arrogant”.
3. What can we conclude from the article?
A. The author is envious of her parents enjoying a big house at her age.
B. “Generation Y” people don’t want to grow up and rush into adulthood.
C. Growing up in a hi-tech world makes “Generation Y” feel insecure about relationships.
D. The author wrote this article so that others would be able to understand her generation better.
4.What is the main theme of the article?
A. Criticisms of the young generation.
B. The sudden realization of growing up.
C. A comparison between lifestyles of generations.
D. The factors that have changed the young generation.
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科目：高中英语 来源：2013-2014学年宁夏高三第一次模拟考试英语试卷（解析版） 题型：阅读理解
In December,2010,many American newspapers publish a list of the best books of the year. Freedom by Jonathan Franzen is one of the most repeatedly praised books on this year’s list of favorites. It tells about the ups and downs of the Berglund family over many years. Mr.Franzen fills the book with sharp observations about American politics, culture and society.
Jennifer Egan’s book A Visit from the Goon Squad takes place in 13 chapters over 40 years. The story moves back and forth in time,from different viewpoints. One main character is former rock musician Bennie Salazar who works for a record company. The other main character is a troubled young woman named Sasha who works for Bennie. The reader learns about their pasts and those of their friends.
The main character in The Imperfectionists by Tom Rachman is a failing English Language newspaper published in Rome,Italy. Each chapter of the book tells about a reporter or editor working for this paper. Their stories are filled with intelligence and great personality.
Two of the most popular nonfiction books of 2010 were about rock and roll stars. Just Kids is by rock singer Patti Smith. It tells about her friendship with the artist Robert Mapplethorpe in the 1960s and 1970s before they became famous. Life is the autobiography of Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards. It is an honest and exciting look at the development of rock and roll and the wild times this famous band has experienced.
Unbroken by Laura Hillenbrand tells about a man named Louis Zamperini. She tells about his extraordinary survival story after his plane crashed into the Pacific Ocean during Would War Two.
Stacy Schiff has received great praise for her book Cleopatra: A Life. It tells about one of the most misrepresented and famous women in his story, Cleopatra. She ruled ancient Egypt about 2,000 years ago. One critic said Ms. Schiff has brought Cleopatra to life again by unearthing her story from centuries of lies.
1.The following books are related to music EXCEPT________.
A. The Imperfectionists B. A Visit from the Goon Squad
C. Just Kids D. Life
2.If your major is the history of ancient Africa, you may pay attention to ________.
A. Freedom by Jonathan Franzen
B. Unbroken by Laura Hillenbrand
C. The Imperfections by Tom Rachman
D. Cleopatra: A Life by Stacy Schiff
3.Which book will give you a practical understanding of the USA?
A．Life B．Cleopatra: A Life
C．Freedom D．A Visit from the Goon Squad
4.The last sentence of the passage implies that ________.
A．Stacy Schiff is an archaeologist
B．the critic finds the character in the book very real
C．the critic speaks highly of Cleopatra in history
D．Stacy Schiff tells a story about an imaginary Egyptian queen
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科目：高中英语 来源：2015届陕西省高一上学期期中考试英语试卷（解析版） 题型：阅读理解
If you have ever been discouraged(受挫) because of failure(失败), please read on. Usually, achieving(实现) what you set out to do is not the important thing. Let me explain.
Two brothers decided to dig a deep hole behind their house. As they were working, a couple of older boys stopped by to watch.
“What are you doing?” asked one of the visitors.
“We plan to dig a hole all the way through the earth!” one of the brothers answered excitedly.
The older boys began to laugh, telling the younger ones that digging a hole all the way through the earth was impossible. After a long silence, one of the diggers picked up a jar full of spiders（蜘蛛）, worms and a lot of insects. He removed the lid（揭开盖子） and showed the wonderful contents to the visitors who were laughing at them. Then he said quietly and confidently, “Even if we don’t dig all the way through the earth, look what we found along the way!”
Their goal was far too difficult, but it made them dig. And that is what a goal is for—to make us move in the direction we have chosen. In other words, it sets us to digging!
But not every goal will be fully achieved. Not every job will end successfully. Not every hope will come to pass. Not every love will last. But when you fall short of your aim, perhaps you can say, “Yes, but look at what I found along the way! Look at the wonderful things which have come into my life because I tried to do something!” And I believe it is the joy in the journey, in the end, that truly matters.
1.The writer told us the story to ________ .
A．advise us to treats（对待） our failures fairly
B．persuade us to make an aim for our lives
C．encourage us to learn from the two brothers
D．prove that failure helps us make achievements
2.What’s the best title of the passage?
A．Failure is the mother of success
B．When there is a will, there is a way
C．No pains, no gains
D．Joy in the journey
3.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A．Digging a hole all the way through the earth is impossible.
B．The writer thinks that the two brothers will reach their goal one day.
C．A goal is something that makes us want to dig holes.
D．Everyone can succeed if he sets a practical goal.
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