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12.The Bystander (旁观者)EffectWhen an emergency situation occurs,observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no other witnesses. (36)B
The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect,which is named after Catherine"Kitty"Genovese,a young woman who was cruelly murdered on March 13,1964.Early in the morning,28-year-old Genovese was returning home from work.As she approached her apartment entrance,she was attacked and stabbed (刺) by a man later identified as Winston Moseley.Despite Genovese's repeated cries for help,(37)F. The attack first began at 3:20,but it was not until 3:50 that someone first contacted police.
Many psychologists were set thinking by the incident,as well as most Americans.As the conclusion,the bystander effect came out and later proved by a series of studies and experiments.
There are two major factors that contribute to the bystander effect.(38)D.Because there are other observers,individuals do not feel as much pressure to take action,since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among all of those present.The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways.When other observers fail to react,individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not appropriate.
(39)C. In the case of Kitty Genovese,many of the 38 witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a"lovers'quarrel",and (40)E.

A.They hesitate and assess the risk of getting hurt
B.This phenomenon is referred to as the bystander effect.
C.Other researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to take action if the situation is unclear
D.First,the presence of other people creates a division of responsibility
E.they did not realize that the young woman was actually being murdered.
F.none of the people in the nearby apartment building who heard her cries called police for help.
G.the attacker didn't stop stabbing her.

分析 文章大意:本文介绍了旁观者效应.

解答 答案36-40 BFDCE
详解
36.B,推理判断题,根据第二段The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect,可知前面需要引出The bystander effect,所以选 B"这种现象被称之为旁观者效应".
37.F,推理判断题,根据后面The attack first began at 3:20,but it was not until 3:50 that someone first contacted police.可知周围听到她呼救的人没有报警.故选F.
38.D,推理判断题,根据后面The second reason,可知这是第一个原因,D选项,有first,并解释了原因,所以选D.
39.C,事实细节题,根据后面 In the case of Kitty Genovese,many of the 38 witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a"lovers'quarrel",和C选项中 if the situation is unclear相符,所以选C
40.E,事实细节题,根据前面many of the 38 witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a"lovers'quarrel",他们认为是恋人吵架,没有意识到这个年轻女孩正在被谋害.所以选E.

点评 任务型阅读步骤
步骤一:快速浏览一遍七个备选答案,先确定哪个选项适合放在文章的什么位置.通常有三个四个位置:标题,句首,句中,句尾.不同位置的句子有不同的特征.
快速浏览文章,确定文章体裁,抓住文章结构.
步骤三:分析篇章结构,找出各段的主题句或主旨大意.
步骤四:注意各选项中出现的句子衔接手段,寻找句中衔接标志词.
步骤五:区分相似项
步骤六:用代入法,检查答案是否合理

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