Question

【题目】Observational Learning: To See Is to Know

A group of psychologists, led by Albert Bandura, developed social learning theory, which emphasizes the fact that much learning occurs in a social context. This kind of learning, which results simply from observing and imitating the behavior of others, is called observational learning. Observational learning helps people acquire proper behavior in their families and cultures. By watching others, we learn how to greet people, eat, laugh and tell jokes. Do you still remember your first few days in senior grade one? By watching others, you learned how people talked to each other, what clothes were “fashionable,” and how to interact with instructors.

With modeling, you observe others’ behavior, and then none, some, or all of the behavior may be learned and repeated, or modified. In one of Bandura’s classic studies, children were divided into three groups: One group watched an adult beating up a Bobo doll, one group watched an adult ignoring the Bobo doll, and the third didn’t see an adult at all. After being mildly frustrated by being placed in a room with toys, but not being allowed to play with some of them, all of the children were then placed in another room with a variety of toys, including a Bobo doll. Children in the first group tended to imitate what they had seen, mistreating the doll (and inventing new ways to abuse it).

Researchers have discovered that several characteristics of models can make learning through observation more effective. Not surprisingly, the more you pay attention to the model, the more you learn. You are more likely to pay attention if the model is an expert, is good looking, has high status, or is socially powerful. Second, by watching others, we learn about what behavior is appropriate for people like ourselves, so models who are seen as similar are more readily imitated. All students need to see successful, capable models who look and sound like them.

Then, as teachers, how can you apply observational learning? Here are a few guidelines. Above all, model the behavior and attitudes you desire your students to learn. For example, show enthusiasm for the subject you teach. Be willing to demonstrate both the mental and the physical tasks you expect the students to perform. Second, use peers, especially class leaders, as models. For example, in group work, pair students who do well with those who are having difficulties. Third, you may seek the help of class leaders in modeling behavior. Examples include letting high-status students lead an activity when you need class cooperation or when students are likely to be reluctant at first.

Observational Learning: To See Is to Know
【1】__________ and application of observational learning	Observational learning is learning that occurs through 【2】 ________ and imitation of others.
	Observational learning helps people learn how to behave 【3】_______ in their families and cultures.
Models and their 【4】_________	Models are the people who present behavior for you to imitate.
	Bandura’s study shows that if children observe an adult beating up a doll, they will become 【5】 __________.
Characteristics of models that make observational learning more effective.	Children are more 【6】__________ to imitate models who are experts, good looking, powerful and have high status.
	Models 【7】_________ to ourselves promote observational learning.
How to use observational learning in【8】________	Modeling the【9】 ________ behaviors and attitudes is an important approach.
	Using peers, especially class leaders, as models is another method.
	【10】_________ the help of class leaders in modeling behavior is also a good choice.

Answer 1

【答案】

【1】Definition/ Concept/ Meaning

【2】observation

【3】properly/ appropriately/ well

【4】influences

【5】aggressive/ violent/ rude

【6】likely

【7】similar

【8】teaching/ education/ instruction

【9】desired/ expected/ target

【10】Seeking

【解析】

试题分析：文章主要介绍了班杜拉的社会学习理论--观察学习，以及如何把观察学习运用到教学中。做题时，需要根据表格中的问题，在文中找到有关语句，然后利用语法和句法知识，把需要填的词或短语进行适当的变形。

【1】This kind of learning, which results simply from observing and imitating the behavior of others, is called observational learning.通过观察和模仿他人的行为而实现的学习叫观察学习，这是观察学习的定义，故填Definition/ Concept/ Meaning。

【2】根据第三行“from observing and imitating the behavior...”可知，这里指的是通过观察和模仿，因为imitation是名词，因此，用observation与其并列，故填observation。

【3】根据“Observational learning helps people acquire proper behavior in their families and cultures.”可知，观察学习帮助人们获得适当的行为，这里需要用副词来修饰动词behave，故填properly/ appropriately/ well。

【4】根据“With modeling, you observe others’ behavior, and then none, some, or all of the behavior may be learned and repeated, or modified.”可知，通过观察榜样的行为，人们会学会、重复或修正他们的一些或全部行为，这里讲的是榜样的影响，故填influences。

【5】根据“One group watched an adult beating up a Bobo doll...Children in the first group tended to imitate what they had seen, mistreating the doll”可知，观察成年人殴打玩偶的一组孩子，他们倾向于模仿成年人的行为，即殴打玩偶，即孩子会变得有暴力倾向，故填aggressive/ violent/ rude。

【6】根据“You are more likely to pay attention if the model is an expert, is good looking, has high status, or is socially powerful.”可知，如果榜样是专家，榜样相貌好，或是社会地位高，或者有权力，人们就会更有可能模仿他们的行为，故填likely。

【7】根据“so models who are seen as similar are more readily imitated”可知，与自身条件类似的榜样的行为更容易被模仿，故填similar。

【8】根据“as teachers, how can you apply observational learning?”可知，这里讲的是如何在教学中应用观察学习，故填teaching/ education/ instruction。

【9】根据“model the behavior and attitudes you desire your students to learn”可知，塑造你想让学生学习的行为或态度是很重要的，behavior and attitudes和desire是动宾关系，用过去分词作定语，故填desired/ expected/ target。

【10】根据“you may seek the help of class leaders in modeling behavior”可知，可以向班级带头人寻求帮助，故填Seeking。