The great mathematician John Von Neumann was one of the founders of game theory. In particular, he showed that all games fall into two classes: there are what he called games of “perfect information”, games like chess where the players can’t hide anything or play tricks: they don’t win by chance, but by means of logic and skills. Then there are games of “imperfect information”, like poker, in which it is impossible to know in advance that one course of action is better than another.
One mistaken idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse. Business, politics, life itself are games which we must normally play with very imperfect information. Business decisions are often made with many unknown and unknowable factors (因素) which would even puzzle (困惑) best poker players. But few business people find it comfortable to admit that they are taking a chance, and many still prefer to believe that they are playing chess, not poker.
The subject discussed in this text is _______.
A．the process of reaching decisions
B．the difference between poker and chess
C．the secret of making good business plans
D．the value of information in winning games
| 本文段由3个自然段组成，这3个自然段分别论述了以下问题：
①decision-thinking与poker的相似性。 ②the game theory以及两种不同的games。 ③关于business decision的特点。 本题的4个选项把上面的问题都涉及了，问题在于：作者贯穿全文的基本意思是什么?本段提出关于商务决策的问题，是作为决策的一个方面进行讨论的，所以，它并不是全文讨论的问题。poker与chess的分类虽在第2自然段中进行了讨论，但是，此点与决策问题的逻辑关系应当是这样的：the game theory (the two classes-poker and chess)属于decision-thinking与decision-making。由此，我们就可以得出结论：本段的主旨是讨论决策过程的。
|
阅读快车系列答案科目：高中英语 来源：2014届山西省晋中市高二下学期期中考试英语试卷（解析版） 题型：完型填空
完形填空（共20小题;每小题1. 5分，满分30分）
A man and his wife arrived in Boston by train．After getting off the train, they walked without an 36____ into the outer office of Harvard’s president．So they were stopped by his secretary and kept 37____．For hours, the secretary took no notice of them, 38____ that the couple would finally become disappointed and 39____．But they didn’t．The secretary finally decided to disturb the president, though 40____．
A few minutes later, the president walked towards the couple with a 41____ face．The lady told him, “We had a son that 42____ Harvard for one year．He loved Harvard．He was 43____ here．But about a year ago, he was accidentally killed．My husband and I would like to 44____ a memorial（纪念物）to him, somewhere on campus．”
The president wasn’t moved．Instead, he was 45____．“Madam,” he said, “we can’t put up a statue for every person who studied at Harvard and died．If we did, this place would look like a 46____ ,” “Oh, no,” the lady 47____ quickly．“We don’t want to put up a statue．We would like to give a 48____ to Harvard．” The president rolled his eyes and 49____ at the couple and then exclaimed,” A building! Do you have any 50____ how much a building costs? We have spent over ＄7,500,000 on the campus building at Harvard．” For a moment the lady was silent．The president was 51____, because he could get rid of them now．Then the lady turned to her husband and said quietly, “Is that all it costs to start a 52____? Why don’t we just start our own?” Her husband nodded．53____ their offer was turned down．Mr.and Mrs.Stanford traveled to California where they founded Stanford University 54____ after them, a memorial to a son that Harvard no longer 55____ about．
1. A．choice B．decision C．acquaintance D．appointment
2. A．waiting B．standing C．sitting D．talking
3. A．hoping B．finding C．realizing D．imagining
4. A．go down B．go out C．go away D．go around
5. A．hopelessly B．carefully C．unexpectedly D．unwillingly
6. A．pleasant B．funny C．cold D．sad
7. A．attended B．visited C．studied D．served
8. A．clever B．brave C．proud D．happy
9. A．set about B．set up C．set down D．set off
10. A．satisfied B．excited C．shocked D．ashamed
11. A．park B．cemetery C．garden D．museum
12. A．explained B．expressed C．refused D．admitted
13. A．building B．yard C．playground D．square
14. A．laughed B．shouted C．glanced D．called
15. A．suggestion B．idea C．thought D．opinion
16. A．bored B．astonished C．interested D．pleased
17. A．department B．university C．business D．club
18. A．Once B．While C．Since D．Though
19. A．named B．looked C．taken D．followed
20. A．talked B．knew C．heard D．cared
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科目：高中英语 来源：2012-2013学年北京市海淀区高三5月期末练习（二模）英语试卷（解析版） 题型：阅读理解
The early lack of exposure to science ，technology，engineering and mathematics (STEM) can be harmful to achieving gender (性别）balance in these fields. It begins when we are young and continues throughout our time in high school.
While at home，girls generally don’t get to experience the level of exposure or encouragement in STEM fields that their male counterparts do. It is often subtle ，but it’s the first hurdle that faces and confuses so many women. Boys ，on the other hand, get on their path ，and are encouraged to do so， generally earlier than girls. For example ，boys are more often given science sets as toys ，which spark an interest in these subjects.
In school 3 boys are often pushed to take the more challenging math and science classes. So if we want to attract the best and brightest minds into the fields that will advance us as a people ? a country，and a planet，we can no longer look to only half of the population. Young girls cannot possibly consider opportunities they do not know exist. If girls are not exposed to certain subject and career paths，they are highly unlikely to choose to follow them in college.
Our bias(偏见)toward girls9 either from families or from schools ，is so rooted in our culture that we often don’t even recognize it. Although the situation Has changed greatly in the past 20 or 30 years，there is still a sense that girls aren't as good at math 9 for instance 9 even though there is almost no evidence to support such a belief.
It is important that as a society we deal with gender stereotypes long before young people are faced with a decision to declare or choose a major in college. Without making efforts to break them， we are limiting the potentials of our youth，both male and female. Providing the necessary resources， exposure , and encouragement would help young women understand that their gender shouldn’t determine the career path they choose, and that pursuing a STEM career does not make them less feminine.
1.According to the passage ? not many girls grow to enter STEM fields because______.
A．girls are not as good at STEM as boys
B．girls do not like to take science classes
C．girls get fewer chances to know about STEM
D．girls seldom survive the high pressure positions
2.The underlined word “it” in Para. 4 refers to______
A．our bias B．our culture C．the situation D．a sense
3.The main purpose of the passage is to______.
A．show women’s potentials in STEM fields
B．praise women’s contributions to STEM fields
C．describe the present gender bias in STEM fields
D．call for more involvement of women in STEM fields
4.Which of the following shows the structure of the
passage? 
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科目：高中英语 来源：2015届山东省济宁市高一上学期期末考试英语试卷（解析版） 题型：阅读理解
Dear Aunty,
After years of her crying. I finally gave in and allowed my daughter to have a cat. I now regret my decision. As someone needs to have a clean, tidy house, I no longer feel relaxed in my own home. If I tell her, “sorry, the cat has to go.” She will be heartbroken. What can I do?
-Feline Phobic
Dear Phobic,
I’m an animal lover and on your kid’s and cat’s side. Tell your daughter your problem. Ask her to help you come up with a plan. Perhaps you can agree to allow the cat only in certain areas of the house. This is a chance for your daughter to develop the sense of responsibility owning a pet requires.
Dear Aunty,
I got the highest grade on a biology test. Now the popular kids think I’m brainy, and want me in their lab group. I knew I was being used. Now, they want my homework. What should I do?
-Lily
Dear Lily.
Popularity can come at a price, but it’s no excuse to cheat. Offer to help new friends with their homework, but don’t give them yours.
Dear Aunty,
I’m one of six assistants in a dental(牙科的) office. But I’m new-there just four months. I’ve tried to join conversations, but they just ignore me. They go shopping together. No one invites me. How can I break into the circle?
-Crystal
Dear Crystal,
Humans run in packs like dogs. When a new dog enters the pack, a lot of discovery goes on. So bring cookies for everyone! Then try making friends with one co-worker. Invite her to lunch. When you get familiar with each other, tell her how hard you’re finding the situation at work. chances are, she’ll take you under her wing.
1.Aunty thinks that Phobic should .
A．try to persuade her daughter to give in.
B．spend more time cleaning the house.
C．ask her daughter to help tidy up
D．find a better way to keep the cat.
2.The underlined word “brainy” in the passage means .
A．excited B．friendly C．intelligent D．hard-working
3.According to the passage, .
A．Phobic can’t get along well with her daughter.
B．Aunty is fond of animals like cats.
C．Crystal’s coworkers are cheating her.
D．Lily has no interest in lab experiments.
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科目：高中英语 来源：2012-2013学年江苏省苏南四高三12月月考试英语试卷（解析版） 题型：阅读理解
“Experience may possibly be the best teacher, but it is not a particularly good teacher.” You might think that Winston Churchill or perhaps Mark Twain spoke those words, but they actually come from James March, a professor at Stanford University and a pioneer in the field of organizational decision making. For years March (possibly be wisest philosopher of management) has studied how humans think and act, and he continues to do so in his new book The Ambiguities of Experience.
He begins by reminding us of just how firmly we have been sticking to the idea of experiential learning: “Experience is respected；experience is sought；experience is explained.” The problem is that learning from experience involves serious complications (复杂化), ones that are part of the nature of experience itself and which March discusses in the body of this book.
In one interesting part of the book, for example, he turns a doubtful eye toward the use of stories as the most effective way of experiential learning. In our efforts to make stories interesting, he argues, we lose part of the complicated truth of things. He says “The more accurately reality is presented, the less understandable the story, and the more understandable the story, the less realistic it is.”
Besides being a broadly knowledgeable researcher, March is also a poet, and his gift shines through in the depth of views he offers and the simple language he uses. Though the book is short, it is demanding: Don’t pick it up looking for quick, easy lessons. Rather, be ready to think deeply about learning from experience in work and life.
1.According to the text, James March is ________.
A．a poet who uses experience in his writing
B．a teacher who teachers story writing in university
C．a researcher who studies the way humans think and act
D．a professor who helps organizations make important decisions
2.According to James March, experience ________.
A．is overvalued B．is easy to explain
C．should be actively sought D．should be highly respected
3.What can we learn from Paragraph 3?
A．Experience makes stories more accurate.
B．Stories made interesting fail to fully present the truth.
C．The use of stories is the best way of experiential learning.
D．Stories are easier to understand when reality is more accurately described.
4.What’s the purpose of this text?
A．To introduce a book. B．To describe a researcher.
C．To explain experiential learning. D．To discuss organizational decision making.
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科目：高中英语 来源：2013届海南省高二下学期期末考试英语试卷（解析版） 题型：阅读理解
Once there was an 11-year-old boy who went fishing with his father in the middle of a New Hampshire lake. On the day before bass(巴斯鱼) season opened, they were fishing early in the evening, catching other fish with worms. Then the boy tied a small silver lure(鱼饵) and put it into the lake. Suddenly he felt that something very big pulling on the lure. His father watched with admiration as the boy skillfully brought the fish beside the bank. Finally he lifted the tired fish from the water. It was the largest one he had ever seen, but it was a bass.
The boy and his father looked at the big fish. The father lit a match and looked at his watch. It was 10 p.m.—two hours before the season opened. He looked at the fish, then at the boy. “You’ll have to put it back, son,” he said.
“Dad!” cried the boy. “There will be other fish,” said his father. “Not as big as this one,” cried the boy. He looked around the lake. No other fishermen or boats were in sight in the moonlight. He looked again at his father.
Even though no one had seen them, nor could anyone ever know what time he had caught the fish, the boy could tell from his father’s voice that the decision couldn’t be changed. He threw the huge bass into the black water. The big fish disappeared. The boy thought that he would never again see such a big fish.
That was 34 years ago. Today the boy is a successful architect in New York City. He often takes his own son and daughters to fish at the same place.
And he was right. He has never again caught such a large fish as the one he got that night long ago. But he does see that same fish ... again and again ... every time he has an ethical (道德的) decision to make. For, as his father had taught him, ethics are simple matters of right and wrong. It is only the practice of ethics that is difficult.
1.What happened when the big fish turned out to be a bass?
|
A．The boy and his father didn’t know what to do with the big fish. |
|
B．The father lit a match in order to check the time. |
|
C．The boy threw the bass back into the water willingly. |
|
D．They worried other fishermen might discover what they had done. |
2.From the text we know that the father _________.
|
A．didn’t love his son |
|
B．always disagreed with his son |
|
C．disliked the huge fish |
|
D．was firm and stubborn |
3.The successful architect went fishing with his children at the same place because _______.
|
A．they might catch a big fish there |
|
B．it was a most popular fishing spot |
|
C．he was taught a moral lesson there |
|
D．their children enjoyed fishing there |
4.What does the story imply (suggest）?
|
A．It is easy to say something, but difficult to do. |
|
B．An ethical decision is always easy to make. |
|
C．It’s hard to tell right from wrong sometimes. |
|
D．Fishing can help one to make right decisions. |
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