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    They got a ____ result, and they were wild with joy.

    A.magic B. magician C. magnetic 　　 D. magical

    D

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    Dogs have an understanding of fair play and become angry if they feel that another dog is getting a better deal, a new study has found.
    The study looked at how dogs react when a companion is rewarded for the same trick in an unequal way. Friederike Range, a researcher at the University of Vienna in Austria, and her colleagues did a series of experiments with dogs who knew how to respond to the command “give the paw “. The dogs were normally happy to repeatedly give the paw, whether they got a reward or not. But that changed if they saw that another dog was being rewarded with a piece of food, while they received nothing.
    “We found that the dogs hesitated significantly longer when obeying the command to give the paw,” the researchers write. The unrewarded dogs eventually stopped cooperating.
    Scientists have long known that humans pay close attention to inequity. But researchers always assumed that animals didn’t share the trait. “The argument was that this is a uniquely human phenomenon,” says Frans de Waal, a professor of psychology at Emory University in Atlanta.
    That changed in 2003 when he and a colleague did a study on monkeys. The monkeys had to hand a small rock to researchers to get a piece of cucumber in return. They were happy to do this. But if they saw that another monkey was getting a more delicious reward, a grape, for doing the same job, they would throw away the food and rock, and at some point just stopped performing.
    In that experiment, the monkeys considered the fairness of two different types of payment. But when Range and her colleagues did a similar study with their trained dogs, testing to see if dogs would become upset if they only got dark bread when other dogs received sausage, they found that as long as the dogs got some kind of food payment, even if it wasn’t the most delicious kind, the animals would play along.
    【小题1】How did the dogs in Range’s study react to the order of “giving the paw”?

    A．They took the order even without being rewarded.
    B．They took the order only when rewarded.
    C．They turned a deaf ear to repeated orders.
    D．They hesitated longer when given repeated orders.
    【小题2】 The research by Frans De Waal in 2003 ___________.
    A．originated from Range’s research on dogs.
    B．showed that animals do pay attention to inequity.
    C．began the argument that only humans are aware of inequity.
    D．was conducted to find out how monkeys reacted to humans’ orders.
    【小题3】 Some monkeys in the research become angry because they found another monkey _______.
    A．was given less work.
    B．was given more food.
    C．was given the same type of food.
    D．was given more delicious food.
    【小题4】 Range found that, compared with monkeys, dogs ____________.
    A．care more about whether they are rewarded.
    B．care less about what they are rewarded with.
    C．care more about what they are ordered to do.
    D．care less about who gives them orders.
    【小题5】 What is the main idea of the passage?
    A．Animals have various ways to show their anger.
    B．Dogs are less intelligent than monkeys.
    C．Dogs have a sense of fairness.
    D．Most animals want to be rewarded equally.

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    Dogs have an understanding of fair play and become angry if they feel that another dog is getting a better deal, a new study has found.
    The study looked at how dogs react when a companion is rewarded for the same trick in an unequal way. Friederike Range, a famous researcher, and her colleagues did a series of experiments with dogs who knew how to respond to the command “give the paw”. The dogs were normally happy to repeatedly give the paw, whether they got a reward or not.
    But that changed if they saw that another dog was being rewarded with a piece of food, while they received nothing. The dogs hesitated significantly longer when obeying the command to give the paw. Eventually, the unrewarded dogs stopped cooperating.
    Researchers always assumed that only humans pay close attention to unfairness. That changed in 2003 when Frans De Waal, a professor of psychology, and a colleague named Sarah Brosnan did a survey on monkeys. Monkeys had to hand a small rock to researchers to get a piece of cucumber(黄瓜) in return. However, the monkeys would suddenly become angry when receiving the piece of cucumber if they saw another monkey receive a more delicious reward, such as a grape, for doing the same job. The monkey that got the cucumber would eventually throw away the food and the rock, and would later just stop performing.
    In that experiment, the monkeys considered the fairness of two different types of payment, but when Range and her colleagues did a similar study with their trained dogs, testing to see if dogs would become upset if they only got bread when other dogs received sausage, they found that dogs did not make that kind of subtle (细微的) distinction. As long as the dogs got some kind of food payment, even if it wasn’t the most delicious kind, they would play along.
    【小题1】 The dogs refused to give their paws when they _____________________.

    A．were given too much reward
    B．realized they received less food
    C．found another dog was given nothing
    D．felt they were being treated unequally
    【小题2】The underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 probably refers to “__________________”.
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    B．the dogs waited for a reward
    C．the dogs hesitated to give the paw
    D．the dogs stopped cooperating
    【小题3】The monkeys would become angry if they found _____________________.
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    B．another monkey did much less work
    C．another monkey was offered tastier food
    D．other monkeys threw food and rocks
    【小题4】 Range finds that, compared with monkeys, dogs __________________.
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    B．prefer to do the same jobs as humans
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    Dogs have an understanding of fair play and become angry if they feel that another dog is getting a better deal, a new study has found.

    The study looked at how dogs react when a companion is rewarded for the same trick in an unequal way. Friederike Range, a researcher at the University of Vienna in Austria, and her colleagues did a series of experiments with dogs who knew how to respond to the command “give the paw “. The dogs were normally happy to repeatedly give the paw, whether they got a reward or not. But that changed if they saw that another dog was being rewarded with a piece of food, while they received nothing.

    “We found that the dogs hesitated significantly longer when obeying the command to give the paw,” the researchers write. The unrewarded dogs eventually stopped cooperating.

    Scientists have long known that humans pay close attention to inequity. But researchers always assumed that animals didn’t share the trait. “The argument was that this is a uniquely human phenomenon,” says Frans de Waal, a professor of psychology at Emory University in Atlanta.

    That changed in 2003 when he and a colleague did a study on monkeys. The monkeys had to hand a small rock to researchers to get a piece of cucumber in return. They were happy to do this. But if they saw that another monkey was getting a more delicious reward, a grape, for doing the same job, they would throw away the food and rock, and at some point just stopped performing.

    In that experiment, the monkeys considered the fairness of two different types of payment. But when Range and her colleagues did a similar study with their trained dogs, testing to see if dogs would become upset if they only got dark bread when other dogs received sausage, they found that as long as the dogs got some kind of food payment, even if it wasn’t the most delicious kind, the animals would play along.

    1.How did the dogs in Range’s study react to the order of “giving the paw”?

    A．They took the order even without being rewarded.

    B．They took the order only when rewarded.

    C．They turned a deaf ear to repeated orders.

    D．They hesitated longer when given repeated orders.

    2. The research by Frans De Waal in 2003 ___________.

    A．originated from Range’s research on dogs.

    B．showed that animals do pay attention to inequity.

    C．began the argument that only humans are aware of inequity.

    D．was conducted to find out how monkeys reacted to humans’ orders.

    3. Some monkeys in the research become angry because they found another monkey _______.

    A．was given less work.

    B．was given more food.

    C．was given the same type of food.

    D．was given more delicious food.

    4. Range found that, compared with monkeys, dogs ____________.

    A．care more about whether they are rewarded.

    B．care less about what they are rewarded with.

    C．care more about what they are ordered to do.

    D．care less about who gives them orders.

    5. What is the main idea of the passage?

    A．Animals have various ways to show their anger.

    B．Dogs are less intelligent than monkeys.

    C．Dogs have a sense of fairness.

    D．Most animals want to be rewarded equally.

     

    查看答案和解析>>

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    Dogs have an understanding of fair play and become angry if they feel that another dog is getting a better deal, a new study has found.

    The study looked at how dogs react when a companion is rewarded for the same trick in an unequal way. Friederike Range, a famous researcher, and her colleagues did a series of experiments with dogs who knew how to respond to the command “give the paw”. The dogs were normally happy to repeatedly give the paw, whether they got a reward or not.

    But that changed if they saw that another dog was being rewarded with a piece of food, while they received nothing. The dogs hesitated significantly longer when obeying the command to give the paw. Eventually, the unrewarded dogs stopped cooperating.

    Researchers always assumed that only humans pay close attention to unfairness. That changed in 2003 when Frans De Waal, a professor of psychology, and a colleague named Sarah Brosnan did a survey on monkeys. Monkeys had to hand a small rock to researchers to get a piece of cucumber(黄瓜) in return. However, the monkeys would suddenly become angry when receiving the piece of cucumber if they saw another monkey receive a more delicious reward, such as a grape, for doing the same job. The monkey that got the cucumber would eventually throw away the food and the rock, and would later just stop performing.

    In that experiment, the monkeys considered the fairness of two different types of payment, but when Range and her colleagues did a similar study with their trained dogs, testing to see if dogs would become upset if they only got bread when other dogs received sausage, they found that dogs did not make that kind of subtle (细微的) distinction. As long as the dogs got some kind of food payment, even if it wasn’t the most delicious kind, they would play along.

    1. The dogs refused to give their paws when they _____________________.

    A．were given too much reward

    B．realized they received less food

    C．found another dog was given nothing

    D．felt they were being treated unequally

    2.The underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 probably refers to “__________________”.

    A．the dogs obeyed the command happily

    B．the dogs waited for a reward

    C．the dogs hesitated to give the paw

    D．the dogs stopped cooperating

    3.The monkeys would become angry if they found _____________________.

    A．they were being given the same type of food

    B．another monkey did much less work

    C．another monkey was offered tastier food

    D．other monkeys threw food and rocks

    4. Range finds that, compared with monkeys, dogs __________________.

    A．enjoy playing interesting games with humans

    B．prefer to do the same jobs as humans

    C．pay little attention to the type of reward received

    D．aren’t sensitive to the stimulation (刺激) of food

     

    查看答案和解析>>

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