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Decision-making under Stress
A new review based on a research shows that acute stress affects the way the brain considers the advantages and disadvantages, causing it to focus on pleasure and ignore the possible negative (负面的) consequences of a decision.
The research suggests that stress may change the way people make choices in predictable ways.
“Stress affects how people learn,” says Professor Mara Mather. “People learn better about positive than negative outcomes under stress.”
For example, two recent studies looked at how people learned to connect images(影像) with either rewards or punishments. In one experiment, some of the participants were first stressed by having to give a speech and do difficult math problems in front of an audience; in the other, some were stressed by having to keep their hands in ice water. In both cases, the stressed participants remembered the rewarded material more accurately and the punished material less accurately than those who hadn’t gone through the stress.
This phenomenon is likely not surprising to anyone who has tried to resist eating cookies or smoking a cigarette while under stress –at those moments, only the pleasure associated with such activities comes to mind. But the findings further suggest that stress may bring about a double effect. Not only are rewarding experiences remembered better, but negative consequences are also less easily recalled.
The research also found that stress appears to affect decision-making differently in men and women. While both men and women tend to focus on rewards and less on consequences under stress, their responses to risk turn out to be different.
Men who had been stressed by the cold-water task tended to take more risks in the experiment while women responded in the opposite way. In stressful situations in which risk-taking can pay off big, men may tend to do better, when caution weighs more, however, women will win.
This tendency to slow down and become more cautious when decisions are risky might also help explain why women are less likely to become addicted than men: they may more often avoid making the risky choices that eventually harden into addiction.
小题1:We can learn from the passage that people under pressure tend to ______.
A.keep rewards better in their memory
B.recall consequences more effortlessly
C.make risky decisions more frequently
D.learn a subject more effectively
小题2:According to the research, stress affects people most probably in their ______.
A.ways of making choicesB.preference for pleasure
C.tolerance of punishmentsD.responses to suggestions
小题3:The research has proved that in a stressful situation, ______.
A.women find it easier to fall into certain habits
B.men have a greater tendency to slow down
C.women focus more on outcomes
D.men are more likely to take risks

小题1:A
小题2:A
小题3:D
议论文,文章标题为压力下的决策,主要介绍了面对压力时人们往往能够找到积极的方面忽略消极的方面而且面对压力时,男性更容易采取冒险的策略。
小题1:主旨题,原文第一段大意是面对压力的环境,人们会想到积极的东西,忽视消极的东西,故选A。
小题2:考查细节题,题干词为research,定位于第二段,原文说 stress may change the way peoplemake choices(压力可能改变人们做选择的方式).,故选A。
小题3:考查细节题,题干关键词为 stressful situation,定位于第三段最后一句话。即In stressful situation in which risk-taking can pay off big, men tend to do better, when caution weighs
more, however, women will win.(在压力情况下,如果冒险的回报很大,男人们会做的更好,但是,谨慎更重要时,女人们做的更好) ,D选项说男人们更倾向于冒险,故选D。
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科目:高中英语 来源:不详 题型:阅读理解

Two friends have an argument that bleaks up their friendship forever, even though neither one can remember how the whole thing got started. Such sad events happen over and over in high schools across the country. In fact, according to an official report on youth violence, "In our country today, the greatest threat to the lives of children and adolescents is not disease or starvation or abandonment, but the terrible reality of violence". Given that this is the case, why aren't students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit?
First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable. A report on violence among middle school and high school students indicates that most violent incidents between students begin with a relatively minor insult (侮辱). For example, a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each lunchtime. Laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults, which in turn can lead to violence. The problem isn't in the sandwich, but in the way students deal with the conflict.
Once students recognize that conflict is unavoidable, they can practice the golden rule of conflict resolution (解决) stay calm. Once the student feels calmer, he or she should choose words that will calm the other person down as well. Rude words, name-calling, and accusation only add fuel to the emotional fir On the other hand, soft words spoken at a normal sound level can put out the fire before it explodes out of control.
After both sides have calmed down, they can use another key strategy for conflict resolution; listening. Listening allows the two sides to understand each other. One person should describe his or her side, and the other person should listen without interrupting. Afterward, the listener can ask non-threatening questions to clarify the speaker's position. Then the two people should change roles.
Finally, students need f. consider what they are hearing. This doesn't mean trying to figure out what's wrong with the other person. It means understanding what the real issue is and what both sides are trying to accomplish. For example, a shouting match over a peanut butter sandwich might happen because one person thinks the other person is unwilling to try new things. Students need to ask themselves questions such as these: How did this start? What do I really want? What am I afraid off As the issue becomes clearer, the conflict often simply becomes smaller. Even if it doesn't, careful thought helps both sides figure out a mutual solution.
There will always be conflict in schools, but that doesn't mean there needs to be violence. After students in Atlanta started a conflict resolution program, according to Educators for Social Responsibility, "64 percent of the teachers reported less physical violence in the classroom; 75 percent of the teachers reported an increase in student cooperation; and 92 percent of the students felt better about themselves". Learning to resolve conflicts can help students deal with friends, teachers, parents, bosses, and coworkers. In that way, conflict resolution is a basic life skill that should be taught in schools across the country.
小题1:This article is mainly about.
A.the lives of school childrenB.the cause of arguments in schools
C.how to analyze youth violenceD.how to deal with school conflicts
小题2:From Paragraph 2 we can learn that________ .
A.violence is more likely to occur at lunchtime
B.a small conflict can lead to violence
C.students tend to lose their temper easily
D.the eating habit of a student is often the cause of a fight
小题3:Why do students need to ask themselves the questions stated in Paragraph 5?
A.To find out who to blame.
B.To get ready to buy new things.
C.To make clear what the real issue is.
D.To figure out how to stop the shouting match.
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A.there was a decrease in classroom violence
B.there was less student cooperation in the classroom
C.more teachers fell better about themselves in schools
D.the teacher-student relationship greatly improved
小题5:The writer’s purpose for writing this article is to_______.
A.complain about problems in school education
B.teach students different strategies for school life
C.advocate teaching conflict management in schools
D.inform teachers of the latest studies on school violence

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科目:高中英语 来源:不详 题型:完形填空


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小题5:
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小题17:
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科目:高中英语 来源:不详 题型:阅读理解

What’s in a name? Well, apparently, our general happiness. Psychologists say that what we are called has a direct connection with our well-being (幸福).
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科目:高中英语 来源:不详 题型:阅读理解

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B.there are so many top?level jobs available
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科目:高中英语 来源:不详 题型:阅读理解


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科目:高中英语 来源:不详 题型:阅读理解


It seems that some people go out of their way to get into trouble.That's more or less what happened the night that Nashville Police Officer Floyd Hyde was on duty.
“I was on the way to a personal—injury accident in West Nashville.As I got onto Highway 40,blue lights and sirens(警笛)going,I fell in behind a gold Pontiac Firebird that suddenly seemed to take off quickly down the highway.The driver somehow flustered at the sight of me.He was going more than a hundred miles an hour and began passing cars on the shoulder.”
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That accident cost the driver of the Firehird plenty-a thousand dollars for the new engine-not to mention the charges for driving without a license,attempting to run away, and dangerous driving.
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A.shameB.hateC.angerD.fear
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A.Because he was racing with another driver on the road.
B.Because he realized he had to hurry to the accident scene.
C.Because he thought the police officer wanted to stop him.
D.Because he wanted to overtake other cars on the shoulder.
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A.Someone else was taking care of the injured person.
B.The Pontiac reached its destination at the accident scene.
C.Hyde knew where he was going by following the right car.
D.The policeman was running after a speeder on Highway 40.
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A.took a wrong turn on the wayB.had some trouble with his car
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小题5:What is probably the best title for the article?
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C.Fun All the Way?D.Help on the Way?

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科目:高中英语 来源:不详 题型:阅读理解


Teenagers will be told to "stand up for their elders" on public transport — or risk losing their right to free travel.
London Mayor Boris Johnson will declare plans today to make youngsters sign a “courtesy pledge"  (文明宣言) to promise to behave in a respectful manner when travelling in the capital. The three-point pledge states that they will give up their seats to the elderly, pregnant and disabled; keep from using offensive or threatening language; and be courteous and polite to fellow passengers and staff.
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Teenagers found guilty of a serious violation of the new behavior rules will lose their travel passes, and will have to carry out unpaid community work to earn them back.
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A.Teenagers should give up their seats to the old.
B.Teenagers shouldn't talk with strangers in public.
C.Teenagers mustn't use aggressive language in public.
D.Teenagers must be polite to people on public transport.
小题2:What does the underlined word "loutish" in Paragraph 3 most probably mean?
A.rudeB.stupidC.politeD.calm
小题3:According to Mr Johnson,____________.
A.youngsters should know duty comes with benefit
B.youngsters shouldn't use the privilege of free travel
C.anyone shouldn't make money with the privilege
D.youngsters should do some unpaid community work
小题4:The worst punishment teenagers can face is____________.
A.to sign an agreementB.to work in the community
C.to be finedD.to lose their travel passes forever
小题5:Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A.London Mayor Boris Johnson is a great person
B.The plan corresponds perfectly with the Big Society
C.Be polite and stand up for your elders or lose free travel
D.The "courtesy pledge” has been used across the country

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科目:高中英语 来源:不详 题型:阅读理解


When a tornado touched down in a small town nearby, many families were left completely destroyed. Afterward all the local newspapers carried many human-interest stories featuring some of the families who suffered the hardest.
One Sunday, a particular picture especially touched me. A young woman stood in front of an entirely shattered mobile home, a depressed expression twisting her features. A young boy, seven or eight years old, stood at her side, eyes downcast. Clutching  (紧握)  at her skirt was a tiny girl who stared into the camera, eyes wide with confusion and fear.
The article that went with the picture gave the clothing sizes of each family member. With growing interest, I noticed that their sizes closely matched ours. This would be a good opportunity to teach my children to help those less fortunate than themselves. I taped the picture of the young family to our refrigerator, explaining their difficulty to my seven-year-old twins, Brad and Brett, and to three- year-old Meghan.
“ We have so much. And these poor people now have nothing,” I said.“We’ll share what we have with them.”
I brought three large boxes down from the room upstairs and placed them on the living room floor. Meghan watched seriously, as the boys and I filled one of the boxes with canned goods and foods.
While I sorted through our clothes, I encouraged the boys to go through their toys and donate some of their less favorite things. Meghan watched quietly as the boys piled up discarded toys and games.
“I’ll help you find something for the little girl when I’m done with this,” I said.
The boys placed the toys they had chosen to donate into one of the boxes while I filled the third box with clothes. Meghan walked up with Lucy, her worn, faded, much-loved rag doll hugged tightly to her chest. She paused in front of the box that held the toys, pressed her round little face into Lucy’s flat, painted-on-face, gave her a final kiss, then laid her gently on top of the other toys.
“Oh, Honey,” I said.“You don’t have to give Lucy. You love her so much.”
Meghan nodded seriously, eyes glistening with held-back tears. ‘”Lucy makes me happy, Mommy. Maybe she’ll make that other little girl happy, too.”
Swallowing hard, I stared at Meghan for a long moment, wondering how I could teach the boys the lesson she had just taught me. For I suddenly realized that anyone can give their cast-offs away. True generosity is giving that which you value most.
Honest benevolence  (善行)  is a three-year-old offering a valuable, though shabby, doll to a little girl she doesn’t know with the hope that it will bring this child as much pleasure as it brought her. I, who had wanted to teach, had been taught.
The boys had watched, open-mouthed, as their baby sister placed her favorite doll in the box. Without a word, Brad rose and went to his room. He came back carrying one of his favorite action figures. He hesitated briefly, clutching the toy, then looked over at Meghan and placed it in the box next to Lucy.
A slow smile spread across Brett’s face. Then he jumped up, eyes twinkling as he ran to fetch some of his prized Matchbox cars.
Astonished, I realized that the boys had also recognized what little Meghan’s gesture meant. Swallowing back tears, I pulled all three of them into my arms.
Taking the cue from my little one, I removed my old jacket from the box of clothes. I replaced it with the new hunter green jacket that I had found on sale last week. I hoped the young woman in the picture would love it as much as I did.
It’s easy to give that which we don’t want any more, but harder to let go of things we cherish, isn’t it? However, the true spirit of giving is to give with your heart..
小题1:Why does the author give a detailed description of a particular picture in the Sunday newspaper?
A.To create an atmosphere of fear and depression brought by the tornado.
B.To appeal to unconcerned people to donate for the poor families.
C.To show the helplessness and hopelessness of the family mentioned in the paper.
D.To stress what touched her and made her decide to help the hopeless family.
小题2:Why did Brad and Brett also donate their favorite things finally?
A.They were encouraged to donate some valuable things by the mother.
B.Meghan’s decision inspired them to donate their favorite things.
C.They also wanted to show generosity by giving away their valuable things.
D.Meghan’s gesture reminded them to replace their favorite things with new ones.
小题3:By “ swallowing hard”, the writer means that   _   _ .
A.she was deeply puzzled by what the little girl did
B.she had trouble persuading Meghan not to give away Lucy
C.she was greatly moved by Meghan’s unexpected decision
D.she was uncertain what consequences Meghan’s action would bring about
小题4:It is suggested in the sentence “the true spirit of giving is to give with your heart” that ______.
A.sincere donation means offering help to others whole-heartedly
B.true giving means giving others what you treasure most
C.true generosity means helping others at the cost of your own benefit
D.honest benevolence means devoting yourself to the career of donation
小题5:What’s the best title for this passage?
A.The Greatest LoveB.A Beautiful Heart
C.True GenerosityD.A Precious Gift

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