According to sociologists(社会学家),every modern industrial society has some form of social stratification(阶层).Class,power and status are important in deciding people’s rank in society.
Class means a person’s economic position in society.A commonly used classification is lower class,middle class and upper class.While sociologists disagree on how these terms should be exactly defined,they do describe societies like the United States quite well.One study shows that 53% of Americans belong to the lower class,46% the middle class,and 1% the upper class.Interestingly,a surgeon earning $500,000 a year and a bus driver earning $50,000 a year both regard themselves as the middle class!
Power refers to the amount of control a person has over other people.Obviously,people in positions of great power (such as governors) exercise(行使)big power,but people who take orders from others have less power.Power and class do not always go hand in hand,however.For example,the governor of a state has great power,but he or she may not belong to a corresponding (相应的)economic class.Generally,however,there is a relationship between power and class.To our knowledge,there aren’t too many people who aren’t millionaires in the U.S.Senate!
Status is the honor or respect attached to a person’s position in society.It can also be affected by power and class,but not necessarily so.For example,a university professor may have a high status but not belong to a high social class or have a lot of power over others.
1.What can we learn about“the middle class”from Paragraph 2?
A.People earning $50,000 a year belong to the middle class.
B.Nearly half Americans belong to the middle class.
C.People generally consider bus drivers as the middle class.
D.Sociologists have a clear definition of the middle class.
2.According to the text,we know that________.
A.power and class do not always correspond with each other
B.status refers to a person’s economic position in society
C.people with high status have a lot of control over others
D.class is less important in deciding a person’s social rank
3..Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?
1.B
2.A
3.A
【解析】 本文是一篇说明文,用“总—分”的篇章结构介绍了等级、权力和身份在人类社会等级排列中的重要性。
1.500,000 a year and a bus driver earning $50,000 a year both regard themselves as the middle class”可知A项片面了,而公共汽车司机是自己把自己看成是中层阶级,所以C项是错误的。根据本段第三句中的“sociologists disagree on how these terms should be exactly defined”可知社会学家对阶层的定义也不明确,故D项错误。
2.2】解析:选A。细节理解题。根据文章第三段第三句“Power and class do not always go hand in hand...”可知权力和等级并不总是相对应的,故A项为正确答案。由第二段第一句知B项中的status应改为class。根据文章最后一段第二句“It can also be affected by power and class,but not necessarily so.”可知C项是错误的。通读第一段、第三、四段可知D项是错误的。
3.3】解析:选A。篇章结构题。文章第一段总述了三个方面(class,power,status)在定义阶层中的作用,第二段(class)、第三段(power)和第四段(status)分别叙述了它们的作用,文章结构为“总—分”式,所以选择A项。
科目:高中英语 来源:2013-2014学年高考阅读理解全程冲刺训练(21)英语试卷(解析版) 题型:阅读理解
While small may be beautiful, tall is just plain uncomfortable it seems, particularly when it comes to staying in hotels and eating in restaurants.
The Tall Persons Club Great Britain (TPCGB), which was formed six months ago to campaign for the needs of the tall, has turned its attention to hotels and restaurants. Beds that are too small, showe heads that are too low, and restaurant tables with hardly any leg-room all make life difficult for those of above average height, it says.
But it is not just the extra-tall whose needs are not being met. The average night of the population has been increasing ye the standard size of beds, doorways, and chairs has remained unchanged.]
“The bedding industry says a bed should be six inches larger than the person using it, so even a king-size bed at 6′6″(6 feet and 6 inches) is falling short for 25% of men, while the standard 6′3″ bed caters for less than half of the male population.” Said TPCGB president Phil Heinricy, “seven-foot beds would work fine.”
Sililarly, restaurant tables can cause no end of problems. Small tables, which mean the long-legged have to sit a foot or so away from them, are enough to make tall customers go elsewhere.
Some have already taken note, however. At Queens Moat Houses′Caledoman Hotl in Edinburgh, 6′6″beds are now put in as standard after requests for longer beds from taller visitors, particularly Americans.
1. What is the purpose of the TPCGB campaign?
A. To provide better services.
B. To rebuild hotels and restaurants.
C. To draw public attention to the needs of the tall.
D. To attract more people to become its members.
2. Which of the following might be a bed of proper length according to Phil Heinricy?
A. 7′2″. B. 7′ C. 6′6″ D. 6′3″
3. What may happen to restaurants with small tables?
A. They may lose some customers.
B. They may start businesses elsewhere.
C. They have to find easy chairs to match the tables.
D. They have to provide enough space for the long-legged.
4.What change has already been made in a hotel in Edinburgh?
A. Tall people pay more for larger beds.
B. 6′6″beds have taken the place of 6′3″beds.
C. Special rooms are kept for Americans.
D. Guest rooms are standardized.
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(2013·高考湖北卷)Don’t defend him any more.It’s obvious that he________destroyed the fence of the garden even without apology.
A.accidentally B.carelessly
C.deliberately D.clumsily
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(2013·高考湖南卷)You must learn to consult your feelings and your reason________you reach any decision.
A.although B.before
C.because D.unless
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(2013·高考北京卷)I took my driving license with me on holiday,________I wanted to hire a car.
A.in case B.even if
C.ever since D.if only
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German study suggests that people who were too optimistic about their future actually faced greater risk of disability or death within 10 years than those pessimists who expected their future to be worse.
The paper,published this March in Psychology and Aging,examined health and welfare surveys from roughly 40,000 Germans between ages 18 and 96.The surveys were conducted every year from 1993 to 2003.
Survey respondents (受访者) were asked to estimate their present and future life satisfaction on a scale of 0 to 10,among other questions.
The researchers found that young adults (age 18 to 39) routinely overestimated their future life satisfaction,while middle?aged adults (age 40 to 64) more accurately predicted how they would feel in the future.Adults of 65 and older,however,were far more likely to underestimate their future life satisfaction.Not only did they feel more satisfied than they thought they would,the older pessimists seemed to suffer a lower ratio (比率) of disability and death for the study period.
“We observed that being too optimistic in predicting a better future than actually observed was associated with a greater risk of disability and a greater risk of death within the following decade,”wrote Frieder R.Lang,a professor at the University of Erlangen?Nuremberg.
Lang and his colleagues believed that people who were pessimistic about their future may be more careful about their actions than people who expected a rosy future.
“Seeing a dark future may encourage positive evaluations of the actual self and may contribute to taking improved precautions (预防措施),”the authors wrote.
Surprisingly,compared with those in poor health or who had low incomes,respondents who enjoyed good health or income were associated with expecting a greater decline.Also,the researchers said that higher income was related to a greater risk of disability.
The authors of the study noted that there were limitations to their conclusions.Illness,medical treatment and personal loss could also have driven health outcomes.
However,the researchers said a pattern was clear.“We found that from early to late adulthood,individuals adapt their expectations of future life satisfaction from optimistic,to accurate,to pessimistic,”the authors concluded.
1.According to the study,who made the most accurate prediction of their future life satisfaction?
A.Optimistic adults.
B.Middle?aged adults.
C.Adults in poor health.
D.Adults of lower income.
2.Pessimism may be positive in some way because it causes people________.
A.to fully enjoy their present life
B.to estimate their contribution accurately
C.to take measures against potential risks
D.to value health more highly than wealth
3.How do people of higher income see their future?
A.They will earn less money.
B.They will become pessimistic.
C.They will suffer mental illness.
D.They will have less time to enjoy life.
4.What is the clear conclusion of the study?
A.Pessimism guarantees chances of survival.
B.Good financial condition leads to good health.
C.Medical treatment determines health outcomes.
D.Expectations of future life satisfaction decline with age.
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Low?Cost Gifts for Mother’s Day
Gift No.1
Offer to be your mother’s health friend.Promise to be there for any and all doctor’s visits whether a disease or a regular medical check?up.Most mothers always say “no need,” but another set of eyes and ears is always a good idea at a doctor’s visit.The best part? This one is free.
Gift No.2
Help your mother organize all of her medical records,which include the test results and medical information.Put them all in one place.Be sure to make a list of all of her medicines and what times she takes them.“Having all this information in one place could end up saving your mother’s life,” Dr.Marie Savard said.
Gift No.3
Enough sleep is connected to general health conditions.“Buy your mother cotton sheets and comfortable pillows to encourage better sleep,”Savard said.“We know that good sleep is very important to our health.”
Gift No.4
Some gift companies such as Presents for Purpose allow you to pay it forward this Mother’s Day by picking gifts in which 10 percent of the price you pay goes to a charity (慈善机构).Gift givers can choose from a wide variety of useful but inexpensive things -many of which are“green”-and then choose a meaningful charity from a list.When your mother gets the gift,she will be told that she has helped the chosen charity.
1.What are you advised to do for your mother at doctor’s visits?
A.Take notes. B.Be with her.
C.Buy medicine. D.Give her gifts.
2.Where can you find a gift idea to improve your mother’s sleep?
A.In Gift No.1. B.In Gift No.2.
C.In Gift No.3. D.In Gift No.4.
3.Buying gifts from Presents for Purpose allows mothers to________.
A.enjoy good sleep B.be well?organized
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Home to me means a sense of familiarity and nostalgia(怀旧).It’s fun to come home.It looks the same.It smells the same.You’ll realize what’s changed is you.Home is where we can remember pain,love,and some other experiences:We parted here;My parents met here;I won three championships here.
If I close my eyes,I can still have a clear picture in mind of my first home.I walk in the door and see a brown sofa surrounding a low glass?top wooden table.To the right of the living room is my first bedroom.It’s empty,but it’s where my earliest memories are.
There is the dining room table where I celebrated birthdays,and where I cried on Halloween-when I didn’t want to wear the skirt my mother made for me.I always liked standing on that table because it made me feel tall and strong.If I sit at this table,I can see my favorite room in the house,my parents’ room.It is simple:a brown wooden dresser lines the right side of the wall next to a television and a couple of photos of my grandparents on each side.Their bed is my safe zone.I can jump on it anytime-waking up my parents if I am scared or if I have an important announcement that cannot wait until the morning.
I’m lucky because I know my first home still exists.It exists in my mind and heart,on a physical property(住宅) on West 64th street on the western edge of Los Angeles.It is proof I lived,I grew,and I learned.
Sometimes when I feel lost,I lie down and shut my eyes,and I go home.I know it’s where I’ll find my family,my dogs,and my belongings.I purposely leave the window open at night because I know I’ll be blamed by Mom.But I don’t mind,because I want to hear her say my name,which reminds me I’m home.
1.Why does the author call her parents’ bed her “safe zone”(Paragraph 3)?
A.It is her favorite place to play.
B.Her needs can be satisfied there.
C.Her grandparents’ photos are lined on each side.
D.Her parents always play together with her there.
2.What can be learned from the passage?
A.The old furniture is still in the author’s first bedroom.
B.The author can still visit her first physical home in Los Angeles.
C.The author’s favorite room in her first home is the dining room.
D.Many people of the author’s age can still find their first physical homes.
3.Sometimes when she feels lost,the author will________.
A.open the window at night
B.lie down in bed to have a dream
C.try to bring back a sense of home
D.go to Los Angeles to visit her mom
4.What is the author’s purpose of writing this passage?
A.To express how much she is attached to her home.
B.To declare how much she loves her first house.
C.To describe the state of her family.
D.To look back on her childhood.
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