Air pollution is a leading cause of cancer and classified among Group 1,or top, human carcinogens (致癌物质), said the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), which is the World Health Organization's (WHO) cancer agency, on Oct 17,2013.
The most widely used system for classifying carcinogens comes from the IARC, which places them into five groups. Group 1 carcinogens definitely cause cancer in humans. Group 2A is probably carcinogenic to humans, Group 2B is possibly carcinogenic, the carcinogenicity of Group 3 in humans is unclassifiable, and Group 4 is probably not carcinogenic to humans. Only a little more than 100 are classified as Group 1 cancer-causing substances, including ultraviolet radiation and tobacco smoke.
“Our task was to evaluate the air everyone breathes rather than focus on specific air pollutants,” the lARC's Dana Loomis said in a statement. “The results from the reviewed studies point in the same direction: the risk of developing lung cancer is significantly increased in people exposed to air pollution.”
In 2010, lung cancer resulting from air pollution killed 223,000 people worldwide, and there was also convincing evidence that it increases the risk of bladder (膀腕) cancer, according to the IARC.
Air pollution is already known to raise risks for a wide range of illnesses, including respiratory and heart diseases.
Air pollution is global, although the levels of it vary over space and time.
Loomis said people in Asia, eastern North America, some places in Central America and Mexico, as well as North Africa have relatively high exposure. Developing countries with large populations and booming manufacturing sectors, such as China, are particularly at risk.
Many cities in China, such as Beijing, frequently see smog. This week, Harbin, the capital city of Heilongjiang province, became the first Chinese city to officially suspend classes due to serious smog
Many developed countries face similar problems, although to a lesser degree than most developing nations. In Europe, levels of many pollutants have fallen. But between 91 and 96 percent of Europeans living in cities are exposed to levels of PM2.5—tiny particles with a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometers—that are higher than the WHO safety limits, says a report published by the European Environment Agency on Oct 15.
Although both the composition and levels of air pollution can vary dramatically from one location to the other, the 1ARC said its conclusions apply to all regions of the world.
“Given the scale of the exposure affecting people worldwide, this report should send a strong signal to the international community to take action without further delay,” said Christopher Wild, director of the IARC.
1.What might be the best title of the passage?
A. Signals of air pollution
B. Safety limits of air pollution
C. Air pollution, cancer risk
D. Air pollution, smog risk
2.What’s the main task of IARC?
A. To focus on cancer-causing substances.
B. To evaluate the air quality.
C. To study the developing risk of cancer.
D. To send signals to the international community.
3.Why should the international community take action without further delay?
A. The composition and levels of air pollution vary from place to place.
B. More and more people in developing countries are exposed to air pollution.
C. Developed countries face air pollution, the level of which is higher than the safety limits.
D. A large number of people worldwide are exposed to air pollution.
1.C
2.B
3.D
【解析】
试题分析：这篇文章讲的是空气污染会造成癌症的危险，评估空气质量的IARC的数据表明，全世界的人们不同程度的受到空气污染影响，呼吁国际社会应该立刻采取行动。
1.标题确定题：从文章的内容和第一段的句子;：Air pollution is a leading cause of cancer and classified among Group 1,or top, human carcinogens可知这篇文章讲的是空气污染会造成癌症的危险，选C
2.细节题：从文章第三段的句子：“Our task was to evaluate the air everyone breathes rather than focus on specific air pollutants,”可知IARC的主要目的是评估空气质量，选B
3.细节题：从文章最后一段的句子：“Given the scale of the exposure affecting people worldwide, this report should send a strong signal to the international community to take action without further delay,”可知国际社会应该立刻采取行动，因为全世界很多人暴露于空气污染。选D
考点：考查健康环保类短文
阶梯计算系列答案科目：高中英语 来源： 题型：阅读理解
In some remote Turkish village of Kuskoy, whistling is as important as talking．In fact, whistling is talking because the villagers speak and sing by whistling．Kuskoy parents begin to teach their boys and girls the language of whistling about the time the children learn to talk．It is considered so important that the village school includes it as one of the subjects taught along with the Turkish language.
This art of communication has taken centuries to develop．The village of Kuskoy spreads out across two hillsides that are separated by a deep valley．The villagers had to find an easy way to communicate where their voices couldn’t carry．They developed a high-pitched (高音的) whistle language that could be transmitted as far as five miles through air．As a result, Kuskoy, which means “bird village” in Turkish, has come to be known as a whistler’s paradise (乐园).
Whistling is so much part of everyday life in Kuskoy that men and women speak, argue, and court (求爱) in whistles．The story was recently told of a young couple who ran away secretly．The news was sent over the “mountain telephone” by whistling．The lover’s adventure was quickly known to all the villagers.
It is little wonder, then, that the children of Kuskoy study whistling in school．Wouldn’t it be fun to start the school day with a song—whistled of course!
The children of Kuskoy learn to whistle because __ _．
A．it is fun B．it is an important way to communicate
C．it helps them learn to sing D．it is like the Turkish language
In Kuskoy, whistling as a way of talking started __ _．
A．recently B．hundreds of years ago
C．fifty years ago D．ten years ago
Which one of the following statements is true according to the passage?
A．The high-pitched whistle can be heard at a distance of 5 km.
B．The parents were too ready to allow the young couple to marry each other.
C．The villagers found an easy way to communicate where they could be heard.
D．The villagers of Kuskoy are often informed of news by whistling.
Which of the following do you think is the best title for this story?
A．To Learn Whistle Is Very Important B．Whistling Is Fun
C．Whistling—The Mountain Telephone D．The Strange Turkish Language
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科目：高中英语 来源： 题型：阅读理解
阅读下列材料， 从所给的六个选项（A, B,C, D, E, F）中， 选出符合各个小题要求的最佳选项，选项中有一项是多余选项。
( ) 76. Ray and three of his friends would like to spend a whole weekend driving around in nice scenery and enjoying some local food.
( ) 77. Phil and Adam want to go on a comfortable trip which takes them quickly to an interesting city. Then they want to enjoy at least two days sightseeing.
( ) 78. Mike, Kathy and their three children don’t have much money, but they want a special day out this Saturday. They must be back home at 7 p.m.
( ) 79. Kirsten is a Dutch student who is studying in Scotland. She doesn’t drive, but wants a day trip to see some beautiful scenery and spend a little time by the sea.
( ) 80. Clare and Robert want to enjoy some good food, but would also like to give their two young children a day to remember. They don’t mind if they spend a lot of money.
A
Marine Life, France
The chance to experience the oceans of the world. Children will love the observatory, with water all around them and big fish swimming above their heads! Afterwards you eat at a world-famous local restaurant before boarding the ferry at 9 p.m. Not cheap, but a great day out!
B
Amsterdamer
Sail out in the evening and enjoy 12 hours in the Netherlands, returning the following night. After a good Dutch breakfast you travel by train directing to the heart of the wonderful city of Amsterdam. The sightseeing and the places to shop will make this a day to remember. Weekends only.
C
Ireland by Car
Once you arrive in Ireland you are quickly on beautiful country roads, with friendly villages where you can stop for a delicious bite to eat. The special price allows you to take up your car and up to five people away for 48 hours, and two nights’ hotel accommodation can be arranged for a little extra.
D
French Hypermarket Day Trip
Whether you want to buy or just look, you will love this tour. The large Darney shopping center is a shopper’s dream! You will find a great number of local goods on sale, and clothes and kitchen goods are of excellent value. Free children’s entertainment all day. Leaves at 10:00, back at 19:00.
E
Belgium by Hydrofoil
A four-day trip. From England you cross to Belgium in just 100 minutes by hydrofoil (水翼船)! You are served food and drinks during the crossing, then continue your journey to Brussels, or another beautiful city, on the fast Belgium railway network.
F
Northern Ireland
Explore the Northern Ireland countryside, including the amazing Mountains of Mourne and the small seaside holiday town of Newcastle. Their ferry leaves the port in Scotland at 7:30 and arrives back at 22:00. Transport in Northern Ireland is by air-conditioned bus.
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You look well . The air and the sea foods in Sanya must _____ you , I suppose.
A.agree with B.agree to C. agree on D. agree about
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科目：高中英语 来源： 题型：阅读理解
Boiler rooms are often dirty and steamy, but this one is el.ean and cool. Fox Point is a very new47-unit living building in South Bronx, one of the city’s poorest areas. Two-thirds of the people living there are formerly (以前) homeless people, whose rent is paid by the government. The rest are low-income families. The boiler room has special equipment, which produces energy for electricity and heat. It reuses heat that would otherwise be lost to the air, reducing carbon emissions(碳排放)while also cutting costs.
Fox Point is operated by Palladia, a group that specializes in providing housing and services to needy, people. Palladia received support from Enterprise Community Partners (ECP), which helps build affordable housing by providing support to housing developers.
ECP has created national standards for healthy, environmentally (环境方面) clever and affordable homes which are called, the Green Communities Standards. These standards include water keeping, energy saving and the use of environmentally friendly building materials. Meeting the standards increases housing construction costs by 2%, which is rapidly paid back by lower running costs. Even the positioning of a window to get most daylight can help save energy.
Michael. Bloomberg, New York's mayor, plans to create 165,000 affordable housing units for500,000 New Yorkers. Almost 80% of New York City’s greenhouse-gas emissions come from buildings, and 40% of those are caused, by housing. So he recently announced that the city’s Department of Housing and Preservation and Development (DHPD) , whose duty is to develop and keep the city’s supply of affordable housing, will require all its new projects to follow ECP’s green standards.
Similar measures have been taken by other cities such as Cleveland and Denver, but New York’s DHPD is the largest city developer of affordable housing in the country.
1. What is the purpose of describing the boiler room in the first paragraph?
A. To explain the measures the city takes to care for poor people.
B. To suggest that affordable housing is possible in all areas.
C. To show how the environment-friendly building works.
D. To compare old and new boiler rooms.
2. What is an advantage of the buildings meeting the Green Communities Standards?
A. Lower running costs.
B. Costing less in construction.
C. Less air to be lost in hot days.
D. Better prices for homeless people.
3. It can be learned from the text that,
A. New York City is seriously polluted
B. people’s daily life causes many carbon emissions in New York City
C. a great number of people in New York City don't have houses to live in
D. some other cities have developed more affordable housing than New York City
4. What is the main purpose of this text?
A. To call on people to pay more attention to housing problems.
B. To prove that some standards are needed for affordable housing.
C. To ask society to help homeless people and low-income families.
D. To introduce healthy, environmentally clever-and affordable housing.
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科目：高中英语 来源： 题型：阅读理解
We already know the fastest, least expensive way to slow climate change: Use less energy. With a little effort, and not much money, most of us could reduce our energy diets by 25 percent or more―doing the Earth a favor while also helping our wallets.
Not long age. My wife, PJ, and I tried a new diet―not to lose a little weight but to answer an annoying question about climate change. Scientists have reported recently that the world is bending up even faster than predicted only a few years ago, and that the consequences could be severe if we don’t keep reducing emissions（排放）of carbon dioxide（CO2）and other greenhouse gases that are trapping heat in our atmosphere.
We decided to try an experiment. For one month we recorded our personal emissions of CO2. . We wanted to see how much we could cut back, so we went on a strict diet. The average US household（家庭）produces about 150 pounds of CO2 a day by doing common-place things like turning on air-conditioning or driving cars. That’s more than twice the European average and almost five times the global average, mostly because Americans drive more and have bigger houses. But how much should we try to reduce?
For an answer, I checked with Tim Flannery, author of The Weather Makers: How Man Is Changing the Climate and What It Means for Life on Earth. In his book, he had challenged readers to make deep cuts in personal emissions to keep the world from reaching extremely important tipping points, such as the melting（融化）of the ice sheets in Greenland or West Antarctica. “To stay below that point, we need to reduce CO2 emissions by 80 percent,” he said.
Good advice, I thought. I’d opened our bedroom windows to let in the wind. We’d gotten so used to keeping our air-conditioning going around the clock. I’d almost forgotten the windows even opened. We should not let this happen again. It’s time for us to change our habits if necessary.
72. Why did the author and his wife try a new diet?
A. To take special kinds of food B. To respond to climate change.
C. To lose weight D. To improve their health
73. The underlined words “tipping points” most probably refer to
A. freezing points B. burning points C. melting points D. boiling points
74. It can be inferred from the passage that
A. it is necessary to keep the air-conditioning on all the time
B. it seems possible for every household to cut emissions of CO2
C. the average
D. the average European household produces about 1,000 pounds of CO2 a month
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