“Community” is not a concept that is easy to define(定义). In this essay I will examine what turns individuals into a community, and discuss some different types. I will also look at what all communities have in common, the benefits they offer and draw conclusions about their increasing importance.
The word “community” may make you think of traditional communities in the developing world, where large families live together. We may also imagine the neighbours as people who are happy to help out whenever it is needed. The stereotypical(老套的) view is that of a village, where people have little but can feel very rich because everyone takes responsibility for the welfare of the others.
On the other hand, there are other types of communities: ultramodern(超现代的) ones, where the community members are unlikely to have actually met each other. These are online communities, where people blog or chat about particular issues that are important to them. They come across others on websites and may develop a relationship there with like-minded people, discussing the same topics. The view is often that these are artificial connections between people who are, in fact, still isolated(孤立的) strangers.
In reality, the connections are real. Moreover, there are many types of communities in between these extremes: people who join clubs, who sign up with voluntary, political or other organizations, or who take part in group discussions in their local area. They may be campaigning about issues or simply getting together for companionship and support.
Human beings are social by nature, so it should not be a surprise that we organize ourselves in groups. However, there is more going on: these groups provide something that we cannot achieve on our own. The main benefit of being part of a larger group is strength in numbers. For example, we can access and share more information, we can take part in team sports, we can complain and campaign more effectively and even if we are just having a chat, online or in person, we can feel supported in whatever we do.
Whatever forms communities take, what defines them is the sense of identity and safety that they provide for their members: the knowledge that there are people who we have something in common with and who can be relied on when we need each other.
1.In traditional communities, people ______.
A. live in a large family
B. are wealthy but unhappy
C. are isolated and don’t have connections
D. help and care about each other
2.According to the text, online community members ______.
A. develop a close working relationship
B. share opinions about issues on websites
C. communicate with each other in person
D. share the same interest but have no relations
3.Paragraph 5 mainly talks about ______.
A. the types of community
B. the culture of community
C. the benefits of community
D. the definition of community
4.Communities provide their members with ______.
A. a sense of identity and safety
B. a sense of social responsibility
C. chances of meeting new people
D. chances of developing their interests
科目：高中英语 来源：2017届江西赣州十三县市十四校高三上期中联考英语卷（解析版） 题型：阅读理解
Humans have launched themselves into the outer space. They’ve landed on the moon. They’ve built habitable space stations that orbit the Earth. The next giant leap for mankind is to reach another planet – specifically, Mars.
The problem is that it’s no easy task. The planet is 586 times further away from the Earth than the moon, and it’ll take around 180 to 220 days to reach Mars, depending on where each planet is in its orbit. Such long periods in space have suggested many potential health problems, including hormonal changes, skin conditions, and muscle and bone deterioration (损耗).
Here’s where some furry friends come in. A wide range of animals have been in space, from fruit flies and spiders to cats, and dogs. Such experiments began as far back as the late 1940s in first tests to see if living things could withstand the extreme g-force (重力) of a rocket launch.
Mice continue to play a very important part in space experiments, mainly because the animals make excellent test subjects. They’re small, which makes them inexpensive and easy to care for. In addition, their size and short life span make it possible to do the equivalent of several human years of tests in a much shorter time. Finally, because mice are mammals, they share many common characteristics with humans in terms of genetics, biology and behavior.
Astromice have hit the headlines recently, as a team of scientists led by Betty Nusgens, professor of biology at the University of Liege in Belgium, found that the mice suffered a 15 percent thinning of their skin after 91 days aboard the International Space Station (ISS).
This experiment was part of a wider NASA mission (任务) called the Mice Drawer System (MDS). The Italian Space Agency developed the facility, which allows six mice to be housed, monitored, and automatically fed and watered aboard the ISS, among which three survived during the mission.
The mice have participated in 20 separate experiments, to study such effects as osteoporosis (骨质疏松症), anemia (贫血) and heart health.
Results for the 20 experiments are coming in gradually. But it’s clear that mice continue to play an important role in the ongoing quest to conquer the final frontier.
1.We can infer from Paragraphs 2-3 that ______.
A. Mars is the farthest planet away from Earth discovered so far
B. the journey to Mars could put humans’ health at risk
C. it was in the late 1940s that animals were first sent to the ISS
D. animals that have been sent into space have mostly survived
2.The underlined word “withstand” in Para.3 means _________.
A.set up B. hold up
C. work out D. come across
3.According to Betty Nusgens and her team, the mice aboard the ISS ______.
A. suffered the loss of part of their skin
B. all survived for the duration of the mission
C. were fed and watered by the astronauts
D. participated in 20 experiments that made great breakthroughs
4. The main purpose of the article is to _____.
A. describe the role mice play in scientific research
B. report on the results of the Mice Drawer System
C. analyze how mice could pave the way to Mars
D. change people’s traditional attitudes toward mice
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科目：高中英语 来源：2015-2016学年江西乐安县一中高一下期中英语卷（解析版） 题型：七选五
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处得最佳选项，选项中有两个选项为多余选项。
How to stay in a good mood
It’s typical to feel your mood starting to become bad. If you want to be able to stay in a good mood, then you have to form these habits that will keep you feeling happy.
1. Don’t take love for granted.
If you’re lucky enough to have a special someone, then you should make your time together meaningful. 1.Make time to spend time with your special someone. Being around your loved one has been proven to make people happier.
2. Get regular exercise.
Regular exercise is one of the most important habits that you need to form. 2.You can go running three times a week and walk the other four. Just make sure to be as active as you can every day.
3. Spend time with your friends.
3. Of course, don’t always hang out with friends when you have a free moment. Make sure you do make time to see friends at least once or twice a week, if you can.
4. Get enough sleep.
4. One of the easiest ways to stay in a good mood is to be well-rested. Waking up feeling full of energy will make you feel much more ready to face the day and much more excited about everything ahead of you.
5. 5.
If you want to stay in a good mood, then you have to make sure that you eat three healthy and diverse meals every day. Start off with a healthy breakfast, and don’t skip this meal no matter what things happen. Have light snacks throughout the day, like yogurt or fruit, to keep you energetic.
A. Make sure that you sleep for 7-8 hours a day.
B. Have a healthy eating schedule.
C. Do begin with a healthy breakfast in the morning.
D. However, you don’t have to do the same boring old thing every day.
E. Once you start exercising, do the same sports at the regular time every day.
F. Don’t stop doing the things you love with the person you love.
G. Hanging out with friends will keep you feeling alive
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科目：高中英语 来源：2015-2016学年江西南昌二中高一下第二次月考英语卷（解析版） 题型：完形填空
The most frequent arguments for travel broadening the mind are that you get to interact with many different ______, ways of life and new experiences. In general this should be the case.__ ___, how much it broadens your mind depends as much on how you travel as where.______ you go to Thailand and spend most of your time in a hotel, what you’re seeing isn’t ______ Thai culture. But if you take time to _____ its temples or stay with a family and immerse yourself in their ______, you might begin to get a good ______ of it. If you ______ anything out of your comfort zone, then you won’t make the most of your _____, wherever you go. Of course travel ______ the mind if you’re open to it and equip yourself with the knowledge you need for where you’re headed; and after all, expanding our horizons is ______ to our growth and progress as human beings.
We’re told that broadening the mind comes from challenging yourself, ______, learning and that this can in part be achieved by travelling. But is broadening the mind the only ______ reason tor travelling? What if you _____ want to enjoy some much needed rest and ______?
How much distance you cover doesn’t show how adventurous you are. You can go halfway round the world, but if you just spend all your time _____ shopping malls, you can ______ experience the real workings of the culture you’ve landed in. It’s up to you whether or not you come back from another country with a ______ perspective on things. Travel doesn’t automatically broaden the mind. If you’re a narrow-minded bore at home, the _____ are that travel just makes you a narrow-minded bore ______ a plane ticket. And what of those who don’t, can’t or won’t travel? Are they forever doomed to an “unbroadened” view on life? I’m sure they would beg to differ.
1.A. expertsB. culturesC. objectsD. situations
2.A. For example B. Above allC. At timesD. Of course
3.A. If B. AlthoughC. Since D. Because
4.A. correctlyB. generallyC. really D. seriously
5.A. constructB. paint C. introduceD. visit
6.A. work B. life C. conversation D. concept
7.A. idea B. commandC. result D. photo
8.A. attemptB. challengeC. avoid D. overcome
9.A. journeyB. freedomC. advantageD. break
10.A. occupiesB. crossesC. amazesD. broadens
11.A. suitableB. vital C. similarD. harmless
12.A. determining B. planningC. exploringD. preparing
13.A. worthwhile B. privateC. normalD. obvious
14.A. eventually B. slightlyC. exactlyD. simply
15.A. healthB. relaxationC. sport D. thinking
16.A. picking out B. finding out C. wandering round D. passing by
17.A. hardlyB. undoubtedly C. expectedly D. possibly
18.A. narrowB. social C. differentD. common
19.A. problemsB. occasionsC. facts D. chances
20.A. for B. with C. beyondD. except
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科目：高中英语 来源：2015-2016学年江西南昌二中高一下第二次月考英语卷（解析版） 题型：单项填空
Scientists are convinced ______ the positive effect of laughter ______ physical and mental health.
A. of；onB. by；in C. of；at D. on；at
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科目：高中英语 来源：2015-2016学年江西玉山县一中高一下第三次考试英语卷（解析版） 题型：语法填空
短文改错
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（＼）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；2. 只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
I have the best friend who I can share everything with. His name was Li Gang, and we’re in the same grades. Li Gang is a good student because he is very hardworking. He is good in all subjects, especially math. I’ve learned a lot of from him. Besides that, he’s honesty. I trust him complete and we share secrets all the time. He always remember my birthday and he is fun be with. He tells funny jokes but always makes me laugh. Finally, he is a very good listener. I hope we’ll stay friends forever.
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科目：高中英语 来源：2015-2016学年辽宁葫芦岛一中等五校高二6月联考英语卷（解析版） 题型：书面表达
假如你叫李华，是铜陵的一名中学生。最近，当地政府正在实施快速公交和桥梁建设，结果引起人们的广泛争议。请你根据人们不同的观点，给当地报社写一封信，发表自己的观点。
赞成观点 | 反对观点 |
1．能够解决交通问题，方便人民生活； 2．有助于发展经济，提高人民生活水平； 3．有助于提高铜陵作为现代化旅游城市的形象。 | 1．会造成环境污染； 2．会产生噪音，打扰居民平静的生活； 3．时常造成交通堵塞。 |
你的观点…… | |
注意：1．信的开头已给出，但不计人总词数。
2．不要逐句翻译，可适当增加内容使行文连贯。
3．词数120左右。
参考词汇：快速公交系统 BRT
高架桥 overpass
Dear Editor,
I’m writing to you about the road construction which is taking place in our city．
_____________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
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科目：高中英语 来源：2016-2017学年河南郸城一中高一上第三次月考英语卷（解析版） 题型：阅读理解
The US will have a new president this fall. Voters will decide between the Democratic candidate (候选人), Hillary Clinton, and Donald Trump of the Republicans.
But the voting is not a must for each person in the US. So quite a lot of people choose not to vote, especially the young generation. According to Fox News, one-in-five young voters between the ages of 18 and 35 said clearly that they wouldn’t vote for either of the two candidates. Just 12 percent of voters aged 35-54, and only nine percent of voters aged 55 and older said the same thing.
This is not only because young people don’t like Clinton or Trump, according to the Fortune magazine. The truth is that they are traditionally less likely to vote than their parents.
“Young people are not at an age in their life when they think politics or government has anything to do with them,” said Rodd Freitag, a political science professor at the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, US. “But for the older age groups, they have a home, they pay taxes (税), they care about schools and the community.”
Many believe that the civic (公民的) education of an American youth is another reason why they don’t vote.
Students usually just do community services like cleaning the neighborhoods. This means they haven’t learned how to link real life problems to politics through voting, according to Christopher Beem, a politics professor at the Pennsylvania State University.
He said the country needs to help young people learn how to take part in politics and get them to see that they can make a difference.
1.What percentage of young voters wouldn’t go to vote?
A. 9 percent.B. 12 percent.C. 20 percent.D. 55 percent.
2.According to Rodd Freitag, young people are less likely to vote because ________.
A. they don’t like either of the candidates
B. their parents don’t like to vote
C. they don’t think it is a part of their life
D. they have no work and care little about living problems
3.Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?
A. US Young Not Voting
B. US Young and Their President
C. Young People’s Power
D. Voting for the New US President
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