the totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought－
A．cultural
B．culture
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小学生10分钟应用题系列答案科目：高中英语 来源：2004全国各省市高考模拟试题汇编(天利38套)·英语 题型：050
阅读理解
阅读下列短文，从题中所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
It has been thought and said that Africans are born with musical talent. Because music is so important in the lives of many Africans and because so much music is performed in Africa, we are inclined to (倾向于……) think that all Africans are musicians. The impression is strengthened when we look at ourselves and find that we have become largely a society of musical spectators(旁观者). Music is important to us, but most of us can be considered consumers rather than producers of music. We have records, television, concerts, and radio to fulfill many of our musical needs. In most situations where music is performed in our culture it is not difficult to distinguish the audience from the performers, but such is often not the case in Africa. Alban Ayipaga, a Kasena semiprofessional musician from northern Ghana, says that when his flute (长笛) and drum ensemble (歌舞团) is performing. “Anybody can take part.” This is true, but Kasena musicians recognize that not all people are equally capable of taking part in the music. Some can sing along with the drummers, but relatively few can drum and even fewer can play the flute along with the ensemble. It is fairly common in Africa for there to be an ensemble of expert musicians surrounded by others who join in by clapping, singing, or somehow adding to the totality of music sound. Performances often take place in an open area (that is, not on a stage) and so the lines between the performing nucleus and the additional performers, active spectators, and passive spectators may be difficult to draw from our point of view.
1．The difference between us and Africans, as far as music is concerned, is that
[ ]
A．most of us are consumers while most of them are producers of music
B．we are musical performers and they are semiprofessional musicians
C．most of us are passive spectators while they are active spectators
D．we are the audience and they are the additional performers
2．The author of the passage implies that ________.
[ ]
A．all Africans are musical and therefore music is performed in Africa
B．not all Africans are born with musical talent although music is important in their lives
C．most Africans are capable of joining in the music by playing musical instruments
D．most Africans perform as well as professional musicians
3．The word “nucleus” probably refers to ________.
[ ]
A．musicians famous in Africa
B．musicians at the center of attention
C．musicians acting as the core in a performance
D．active participants in a musical performance
4．The best title for this passage would be ________.
[ ]
A．The Importance of Music to African People
B．Differences Between African Music and Music of Other Countries
C．The Relationship Between Musicians and Their Audience
D．A Characteristic Feature of African Musical Performances
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科目：高中英语 来源：2009年高考英语冲刺阶段专题专练 题型：054
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科目：高中英语 来源：2013-2014学年广东省肇庆市高三3月第一次模拟考试英语试卷（解析版） 题型：阅读理解
Attempts to understand the relationship between social behavior and health have their origin in history. Dubos (1969) suggested that primitive（原始的）humans were closer to the animals because they, too, relied upon their instincts to stay healthy. Yet some primitive humans recognized a cause and effect relationship between doing certain things and alleviating（减轻）symptoms of a disease or improving the condition of a wound. Since there was so much that primitive humans did not understand about the functioning of the body, magic became an integral component of the beliefs about the causes and cures of health disorders. So it is not surprising that early humans thought that illness was caused by evil spirits. Primitive medicines made from vegetables or animals were invariably used in combination with some form of ritual (礼仪) to drive harmful spirits away from a diseased body.
One of the earliest attempts in the Western world to formulate principles of health care based upon rational thought and rejection of supernatural phenomena is found in the work of the Greek physician Hippocrates. Little is known of Hippocrates who lived around 400 B.C., not even whether he actually authored the collection of books that bears his name. Nevertheless, the writings attributed to him have provided a number of principles underlying modern medical practice. One of his most famous contributions, the Hippocratic Oath, is the foundation of contemporary medical ethics (道德). Among other things, it requires a physician to swear that he or she will help the sick, keep oneself from intentional wrong-doing or harm, and keep secret all matters to keep the doctor-patient relationship.
Hippocrates also argued that medical knowledge should be derived（源自于）from an understanding of the natural sciences and the logic of cause and effect relationships. In this classic thesis, On Airs, Waters, and Places, Hippocrates pointed out that human-being is influenced by the totality of environmental factors: living habits or lifestyle, climate, geography of the land, and the quality of air and food. Interesting enough, concerns about our health and the quality of air, water, and places are still very much written in the twentieth century.
1.The topic of the first paragraph is summarized in ________.
A. the first sentence of the paragraph
B. the second sentence of the paragraph
C. the third sentence of the paragraph
D. the last sentence of the paragraph
2.Why did primitive humans rely on magic in their beliefs about the causes and cures of diseases?
A. Because magic was an inseparable part of their life.
B. Because they had little knowledge about the functioning of the body.
C. Because the diseases were caused by the evil spirits.
D. Because magic must be used in going through the rituals to drive out the evil spirits.
3.Considering Hippocrates’ background, we can see from the second paragraph that ________.
A. he was the forefather of modern medicine
B. experts are sure that the books bearing his name were not written by him
C. he had a rational mind aided by supernatural instincts
D. experts do not know much about him except when and where he lived
4.All of the following are included in the Hippocratic Oath EXCEPT ________.
A. helping patients
B. keeping oneself from harming patients
C. keeping secret all matters to maintain a good relationship with the patients
D. obeying rules for modern medicine practice
5.Which of the following best expressed the main idea of the last paragraph?
A. Doctor’s concerns remain unchanged.
B. Medicine comes from nature.
C. Environment affects health.
D. Climate determines lifestyle.
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科目：高中英语 来源： 题型：阅读理解
There are a variety of ways to think about the self. Two of the most widely used terms are self-concept and self-esteem. Self-concept generally refers to the totality of a complex, organized, and dynamic system of learned beliefs, attitudes and opinions that people hold about themselves, while self-esteem generally refers to how we feel about or how we value ourselves. There is a great deal of research which shows that the self-concept is, perhaps, the basis for all motivated behavior. It is the self-concept that gives rise to possible selves, and it is possible selves that create the motivation for behavior. Self-concept is related to self-esteem in that people who have good self-esteem have a clear self-concept. When people know themselves, they can maximize outcomes because they know what they can and cannot do. It would see, then, that one way to impact self-esteem is to obey the somewhat old cliché(陈词滥调) of “Know thyself.”
There are several different components of self-concept: physical, academic, social and transpersonal. The physical aspect of self-concept relates to that which is concrete: what we look like, our sex, height, weight, and what kind of clothes we wear. Our academic self-concept relates to how well we do in school or how well we learn. The social self-concept describes how we relate to other people and the transpersonal self-concept describes how we relate to other supernatural or unknown on an emotional or spiritual level.
Through self-reflection, people often come to view themselves in a new, more powerful way, and it is through this new, more powerful way of viewing the self that people can develop possible selves. We develop and maintain our self-concept by taking action and then reflecting on what we have done and what others tell us about what we have done. We reflect in comparison to our expectations and the expectations of others and to the characteristics and accomplishments of others. Self-concept, thus is developed by the individual through interaction with the environment and reflecting on that interaction. This dynamic aspect of self-concept is important because it indicates that it can be modified or changed.
48. It can be inferred from the text that __________.
A. the author believes most behavior is learned, not born with
B. the author doesn’t believe that one’s self-concept can change
C. self-concept and self-esteem are often mistaken for each other
D. the author has doubts about the idea that self-concept is the basis for behavior
49. The author’s attitude towards the ideas of “know thyself” is __________.
A. critical B. positive C. neutral D. mixed
50. One can conclude from the text that by developing good self-esteem people can __________.
A. improve their interactions immensely
B. begin improving their behavior
C. begin to develop a clear self-concept
D. correct deficiencies(不足) in their character
51. Which of the following would be identified as transpersonal self-concept?
A. Our concept of how interested we are in and how well we study supernatural topics.
B. Our knowledge of our strange intuition(直觉) about people’s feelings.
C. Our understanding of how we relate to a god we believe in.
D. Our understanding of our relationship with other people.
52. The most appropriate title for the text would be __________.
A. The Characteristics of Self-Concept
B. The Changeability of Self-Concept
C. Self-Concept and Self-Esteem
D. New Research on Self-Concept
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