Question

3．Section B （10 marks）
Directions：Read the following passage．Complete the diagram by using the information for the passage．Write NO MORE THAN 3 WORDS for each answer．
When Should a Leader Apologize and When Not？
Why Difficult？
When we wrong someone we know，even not intentionally，we are generally expected to apologize so as to improve the situation．But when we're acting as leaders，the circumstances are different．The act of apology is carried out not only at the level of the individual but also at the level of the institution．It is a performance in which every expression matters and every word becomes part of the public record．Refusing to apologize can be smart，or it can be stupid．So，readiness to apologize can be seen as a sign of strong character or as a sign of weakness．A successful apology can turn hate into personal and organizational harmony-while an apology that is too little，too late，or too obviously strategic can bring on individual and institutional ruin．What，then，is to be done？How can leaders decide if and when to apologize publicly？
Why Now？
The question of whether leaders should apologize publicly has never been more urgent．During the last decade or so，the United States in particular has developed an apology culture-apologies of all kinds and for all sorts of wrongdoings are made far more frequently than before．More newspaper writers have written about the growing importance of public apologies．More articles，cartoons，advice columns，and radio and television programs have similarly dealt with the subject of private apologies．
Why Bother？
Why do we apologize？Why do we ever put ourselves in situations likely to be difficult，embarrassing，and even risky？Leaders who apologize publicly could be an easy target．They are expected to appear strong and capable．And whenever they make public statements of any kind，their individual and institutional reputations are in danger．Clearly，then，leaders should not apologize often or lightly．For a leader to express apology，there needs to be a good，strong reason．Leaders will publicly apologize if and when they think the costs of doing so are lower than the costs of not doing so．
Why Refuse？
Why is it that leaders so often refuse to apologize，even when a public apology seems to be in order？Their reasons can be individual or institutional．Because leaders are public figures，their apologies are likely to be personally uncomfortable and even professionally risky．Leaders may also be afraid that the admission of a mistake will damage or destroy the organization for which they are responsible．There can be good reasons for hanging tough in tough situations，as we shall see，but it is a high-risk strategy．

-→•Public apology is much more than a（an）（61）personal/individualact．
•It's no（62）easyjob to strike a balance between apologizing or not．
•Apologies not （63）properly/appropriately/successfully/rightlyoffered can bring on individual and institutional ruin．
Why has the issue of public apology been so（64）urgentnow in USA？-→•In an （65）apology culture，admission of all sorts of wrongdoings is more required than before．
•The（66）growing importanceof public apologies has been widely reported in the mass media．
-→•Being public figures，leaders are supposed to appear （67）strong and capable．
•There needs to be a sufficient reason for a leader to （68）express apology/apologizein public．-→•Making apologies is likely to be personally uncomfortable and  （69）（even） professionally risky．
•Admission of a mistake or wrongdoing will probably do （70）damage/harmto their organization．

Answer 1

分析 本文主要讲述了道歉的重要性，尤其提到作为领导人什么时候该出面向公众道歉什么时候不该．

解答 61．personal/individual  细节题．根据第一段第三句"The act of apology is carried out not only at the level of the individual but also at the level of the institution．"可知在公众面前道歉不仅仅是个人行为．
62．easy 概括题．第一段Why Difficult？．．When we wrong someone we know，even not intentionally，we are generally expected to apologize so as to improve the situation．But when we're acting as leaders，the circumstances are different．The act of apology is carried out not only at the level of the individual but also at the level of the institution．描述了道歉是一件非常困难的事情，换句话说就是不容易的事情．
63．properly/appropriately/successfully/rightly  细节题．根据第一段倒第二句"A successful apology can turn hate into personal and organizational harmony-while an apology that is too little，too late，or too obviously strategic can bring on individual and institutional ruin．"可知道歉是否得当关乎重大．
64．urgent 细节题．由第二段第一句话The question of whether leaders should apologize publicly has never been more urgent领导人是否应该公开道歉的问题从未更为紧迫可知，填urgent．
65．apology culture 细节题．由第二段第二句During the last decade or so，the United States in particular has developed an apology culture-apologies of all kinds and．． 可知在过去的10年里，美国人尤其养成了一种道歉文化，故答案为apology culture
66．growing importance 细节题．由第二段第三句More newspaper writers have written about the growing importance of public apologies．可知，公众道歉的影响已经被大众传媒报道．
67．strong and capable 细节题．根据第三段第四句"They are expected to appear strong and capable．他们被期望表现出强大和有能力"可知答案．
68．express apology/apologize 细节题．根据第三段最后一句Leaders will publicly apologize if and when they think the costs of doing so are lower than the costs of not doing so．可得知作为领导人在公共场合作适当的道歉是必须的
69．（even） professionally risky 细节题．根据第四段第三句"Because leaders are public figures，their apologies are likely to be personally uncomfortable and even professionally risky．"可知领导人是公共任务，他们的道歉有可能会使得自己不舒服也有甚至有风险．
70．damage/harm 细节题．由第四段第四句"Leaders may also be afraid that the admission of a mistake will damage or destroy the organization for which they are responsible．领导者也可能害怕承认错误会损害或摧毁他们负责任的组织．"可知答案．

点评 题目涉及多道细节理解题，做题时结合原文和题目有针对性的找出相关语句进行仔细分析，推理判断题也是要在抓住关键句子的基础上合理的分析才能得出正确答案，切忌胡乱猜测，一定要做到有理有据．