PEOPLE who have had a painful experience may wish they could wipe the memory from their minds. Researchers at Johns Hopkins University, US, say that this may someday be possible.
A drug remains far off, but researchers have laid a foundation with their discovery that proteins can be removed from the brain’s fear center to cut memories forever.
Previous research had already shown that a special behavior therapy (治疗) could cut painful memories. But relapse (复发) was possible because the memory hadn’t necessarily disappeared.
By looking at that process, Richard Huganir and Roger Clem, two researchers from Johns Hopkins University, discovered a “window of vulnerability (脆弱的窗口)” when proteins are created. The proteins help signals travel within the brain as painful memories are made. Because the proteins are unstable, they can be easily removed with drugs or behavior therapy to cut memories.
Researchers used mice to find the window, but think the process would be the same in humans. They used electric shocks to make the mice fear a certain sound. The sound triggered (触发) the creation of the proteins, called calcium-permeable (钙通透性) AMPARS, which formed for a day or two in the fear centers of the mice’s brains.
The researchers are working on ways to reopen the window by recalling (唤醒) the painful memory and using drugs to remove the protein. They published their report online last month in Science Express.
Their research has drawn interest and concern from experts in mental healthcare.
Kate Farinholt, a mental health expert with the National Alliance on Mental Illness, Maryland, US, said many people suffering from a painful event might benefit from erasing a memory. “Erasing a memory and then everything bad built on that is an amazing idea, and I can see all sorts of potential ,” she said.
But there are a lot of unanswered questions, too.
“Completely deleting a memory is a little scary. How do you remove a memory without removing a part of someone’s life,” Farinholt said. “And is it best to do that, considering that people grow and learn from their experiences?”
1.What have researchers at Johns Hopkins University found recently?
A. A new drug to erase painful memories from human brains.
B. A special behavior therapy to erase painful memories.
C. Removing certain proteins from the brain can wipe painful memories.
D. Erasing memory damages a patient’s brain functions.
2.What makes it possible to erase painful memories according to Paragraph 4?
A. The way the brain cells are created.
B. The unstable character of the proteins in the brain.
C. The strength of the signals the proteins send.
D. The drugs that can stop the formation of memories.
3.Which of the following shows the stages of the process done on mice?
a. removal of fear proteins b. making mice fear a certain sound
c. fear proteins created in mice brains d. making mice recall painful memories
A. a-b-c-d B. d-a-c-b C. b-c-d-a D. c-b-d-a
4.What is Kate Farinholt’s opinion of the research?
A. People may lose the chance to learn from their bad experiences.
B. The research will be a great breakthrough in treating painful memories.
C. People could suffer long-term memory loss.
D. People could forget happy memories as well.
寒假乐园北京教育出版社系列答案科目：高中英语 来源： 题型：阅读理解
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Health researchers have noticed that some groups of people are more consistently healthy than others, and wondered… Is it race? Income? Where you live? In the United States, these disagreements in health outcomes have been the focus of intense research for the past several decades.
Harvard University health policy researcher Ellen Meara says scholars have found some clues as to why some groups of people have more or less disease than others. She says one important factor in people’s health is the amount of education they have.
In her most recent paper, Meara looked at data from the United states census. These counts of people occur every 10 years. Meara and her colleagues examined data from several decades.
“We looked at life expectancy(预测寿命) at age 25,” Meara says.
“How many additional years can you expect to live if you arrive at age 25 and your education has stopped at high school, or sooner? Versus how many years, can you expect to live if you’ve reached aged 25 and you’ve gone on to at least some college…”
Meara says they found that in 1990, a 25-year-old who only had some secondary school could expect to live for a total of 75 years. In 2000, a 25-year-old with some secondary education could also expect to live to the age of 75.
In contrast, for a better educated 25-year-old, they could expect to live to the age of 80 in 1990. Someone with a similar education level in the year 2000, could expect to live to be more than 81 years, 81.6 years to be exact.
Meara says, not only do better-educated people live longer to begin with, but in the past ten years, more educated people have made gains in the length of their lives. Meanwhile, the life expectancy hasn’t changed for less educated people.
Some of these gains can be explained. Meara says researchers know that people who are more educated are more likely to quit smoking cigarettes, or not start at all, compared to people with less education.
“I think it’s a reminder not to be satisfactory,” Meara says. “Just because a population overall appears to be getting healthier, it doesn’t always mean that those advantages and successes that many people have enjoyed really extend into all parts of the population. And I think that’s something to really pay attention to regardless of whether you live in the US or elsewhere.”
Meara points out that education can often determine income---people with more education frequently make more money. This makes them aware of health care, and purchase other resources and services that can keep them healthier. But the data on income do NOT show that people who make more money are automatically healthier.
Meara says education is key. People need to be educated in order to take advantage of opportunities for better health.
| Title | The Amount of Contributes to People’s Health | ||||
| The less educated people | The ______ educated people | ||||
| Comparisons | In 1990 | They could live for 75 years | They could live to the age of 80 | ||
| In 2000 | Their life expectancy was the same as in 1990. | They could live to the age of 81.6 ____ | |||
| ___ of the research | In the past ten years | Their life expectancy remained _____. | They’ve made gains in the length of their lives, partly due to their __ smoking. | ||
| People are getting healthier, but it doesn’t mean that the advantages and successes extend into all parts of the ____. | |||||
| Education____income. | People with more education make more money | ||||
| Getting more money helps to increase their___ of health care, which can keep them healthier. | |||||
| ____ | Education is the key to better health. | ||||
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科目：高中英语 来源： 题型：阅读理解
Talking to Teachers—Teachers are just people．Behind that desk, is a living, breathing human being．And just like any human being, they will probably be friendly to people who talk nicely to them．Teachers also seem to get along better with children who take schoolwork seriously and are prepared for class．And, just like any other human being, teachers like to be appreciated．The next time your teacher helps you solve a math problem or figure out a science project, say thank you with a smile.
Talking to Parents—Parents can be very supportive if their children ask for help．If you think there’s something your parents can do to help you socialize more or feel more comfortable around people, then ask them．Very often, parents want very much to help, but really don’t know what to do．Pick a quiet time of the day and ask to talk．Tell them how you feel．Maybe they had the same trouble when they were kids.
This Stranger Thing—This is always a tough one．How do you deal with a neighbor, the mail carrier, or someone walking down your street—situations that often seem to cause arguments between kids and parents．The answer to these questions will vary from kid to kid, from parent to parent because all cultures are different．Some folks live in small towns where a hello to everyone is “what’s done”．Then there are kids who live in the city who may have been taught not to speak to anyone they don’t know．If you’re having trouble with this and always feel awkward in these kinds of situations, you might want to talk to your parents or a teacher about it．Where do they think you should draw the line? When is silence rude and when is it wise?
From the first paragraph we may learn that teachers dislike____ .
A．being talked to nicely
B．their students to be serious with the schoolwork
C．the students’ appreciation
D．the students who are not ready for classes
If your parents are not supportive and you are not getting along quite well with your parents, who or what is to blame?
A．Your parents. B．Yourself.
C．Lack of communication. D．Your teachers.
The underlined word in the third paragraph is close in meaning to____.
A．afraid B．puzzled C．strange D．familiar
The passage doesn’t say but it implies that in daily communication____.
A．arguments often happen between kids and parents
B．we should talk to the neighbors and other people according to different cultures
C．city people and country people greet in the same way
D．we should fit our words with proper situations
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科目：高中英语 来源： 题型：阅读理解
1970 was World Conservation Year. The United Nations wanted everyone to know that the world is in danger. They hoped that governments would act quickly in order to conserve nature. Here is one example of the problem. At one time there were 1,300 different plants, trees and flowers in Holland but now only 866 remain. The others have been destroyed by modern man and his technology. We are changing the earth, the air and water, and everything that grows and lives. We can’t live without these things. If we continue like this, we shall destroy ourselves.
What will happen in the future? Perhaps it is more important to ask “what must we do now?” the people who will believe in the world of tomorrow are the young of today. A lot of them know that conversation is necessary. Many are helping to save our world. They plant trees, build bridges across rivers in forests, and so on. In a small town in the United States a large group of girls cleaned the banks of 11kilometers of their river. Young people may hear about conservation through a record called “no one’s going to change our world.” It was made by the Beatles, Cliff Richard, and other singers. The money from it help to conserve wild animals.
There are fewer plants, trees and flowers in Holland now because________
A. There has been a lot of conservation in Holland
B. Holland does not need so many plants, trees and flowers
C. many plants, trees and flowers do not grow there any more
D. some plants, trees and flowers are dangerous
We shall destroy ourselves if we don’t change_______
A. The United Nations
B. modern technology
C. our rivers and forests
D. the government of Holland
“No one’s going to change our world” was________
A. an important book published in 1970
B. an idea that nobody would accept
C. a record calling all people to conserve nature
D. a rule worked out by the United Nations
What is the most important thing for us to do to save our world?
A. we should plant more trees and flowers
B. we should clean the banks of our rivers
C. we should know what will happen in the future
D. we should know what we must do and begin to do now
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科目：高中英语 来源： 题型：阅读理解
Prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time. In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion.
Prolonging human life has also increased the dependency load. In all societies, people who are disabled or too young or too old to work are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them. In hunting and gathering cultures, old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die. In times of famine, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, where as if the parents survived they could have another child. In most contemporary(当代的) societies, people feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not. We have a great many people today who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work; we also have rules which require people to retire at a certain age. Unless these people were able to save money for their retirement, somebody else must support them. In the United States many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. Older people have more illnesses than young or middle-aged people; unless they have wealth or private or government insurance, they must often “go on welfare” if they have a serious illness.
When older people become senile (衰老的) or too weak and ill to care for themselves, they create grave problems for their families. In the past and in some traditional cultures, they would be cared for at home until they died. Today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. To meet this need, a great many nursing homes and convalescent (疗养的) hospitals have been built. These are often profit making organizations, although some are sponsored by religious and other nonprofit groups. While a few of these institutions are good, most of them are simply “dumping (倒垃圾的) grounds” for the dying in which “care” is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under skilled personnel.
1. The author believes that the population explosion results from _______.
A. an increase in birthrates B. the industrial development
C. a decrease in death rates D. human beings’ cultural advances
2. It can be inferred from the passage that in hunting and gathering cultures _______.
A. it was a moral responsibility for the families to keep alive the aged people who could not work
B. the survival of infants was less important than that of their parents in times of starvation
C. old people were given the task of imparting the cultural wisdom of the tribe to new generations
D. death was celebrated as a time of rejoicing for an individual freed of the hardships of life
3. According to the passage, which of the following statements about the old people in the United States is true?
A. Many of them live on social security money which is hardly enough.
B. Minority of them remain in a state of near poverty after their retirement.
C. When they reach a certain age, compulsory retirement is necessary and beneficial.
D. With the growing inflation, they must suffer more from unbearable burdens than ever.
4. The phrase “this need” in paragraph 3 refers to ________.
A. prolonging the dying old people’s lives
B. reducing the problems caused by the retired people
C. making profits through caring for the sick or weak people
D. taking care of the sick or weak people
5. Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude toward most of the nursing homes and convalescent hospitals?
A. Sympathetic. B. Approving. C. Optimistic. D. Critical.
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科目：高中英语 来源： 题型：阅读理解
On August 26, 1999, New York City was struck by a terrible rainstorm. The rain caused the streets to 1 and the subway system almost came to a stop.
Unfortunately, this happened during the morning rush hour. Many people who were going to work were 2 to go home. Some battled to 3 a taxi or to get on a bus. Still others faced the 4bravely, walking miles to get to work.
I 5 to be one of people on the way to work that morning. I went from subway line to subway line only to find that most 6 had stopped. After making my way 7 crowds of people, I finally found a subway line that was 8. Unfortunately, there were so many people waiting to 9 the subway that I could not even get down the stairs to the 10 . So I took the train going in the opposite direction, and then switched back to the downtown train.
Finally, after what seemed like forever, the train 11 my stop. Then I had to walk several blocks in the increasingly heavy rain. When I finally got to my office, I was 12 through, exhausted and 13. w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
My co-workers and I spent most of the day drying off. When it was 5:00 pm, I was ready to go home. I was about to turn off my computer 14 I received an email from Garth, my Director:
I would like to thank all of you who made the effort and 15 went to work. It is always reassuring(令人欣慰), at times like these, when employees so clearly show their 16 to their jobs. Thank you.
Garth’s email was short, but I learned more from that 17 message than I ever did from a textbook. The email taught me that a few words of 18 can make a big difference. The rainstorm and the traffic 19 had made me tired and upset. But Garth’s words immediately 20 me and put a smile back on my face.
1. A. confusion B. flood C. sink D. crash
2. A. forced B. refused C. adjusted D. gathered
3. A. order B. pay C. call D. search
4. A. climate B. scenery C. storm D. burden
5. A. occurred B. promised C. deserved D. happened
6. A. practice B. routine C. process D. service
7. A. to B. through C. over D. for
8. A. operating B. cycling C. turning D. rushing
9. A. check B. carry C. find D. board
10. A. street B. ground C. floor D. platform
11. A. paused B. crossed C. reached D. parked
12. A. wet B. weak C. sick D. hurt
13. A. ashamed B. discouraged C. surprised D. helpless
14. A. while B. when C. where D. after
15. A. hardly B. casually C. absolutely D. eventually
16. A. devotion B. donation C. concern D. reaction
17. A. accurate B. urgent C. brief D. humorous
18. A. promise B. appreciation C. admiration D. guidance
19. A. troubles B. signals C. rules D. signs
20. A. corrected B. supported C. amazed D. refreshed
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