German study suggests that people who were too optimistic about their future actually faced greater risk of disability or death within 10 years than those pessimists who expected their future to be worse.
The paper,published this March in Psychology and Aging,examined health and welfare surveys from roughly 40,000 Germans between ages 18 and 96.The surveys were conducted every year from 1993 to 2003.
Survey respondents (受访者) were asked to estimate their present and future life satisfaction on a scale of 0 to 10,among other questions.
The researchers found that young adults (age 18 to 39) routinely overestimated their future life satisfaction,while middle?aged adults (age 40 to 64) more accurately predicted how they would feel in the future.Adults of 65 and older,however,were far more likely to underestimate their future life satisfaction.Not only did they feel more satisfied than they thought they would,the older pessimists seemed to suffer a lower ratio (比率) of disability and death for the study period.
“We observed that being too optimistic in predicting a better future than actually observed was associated with a greater risk of disability and a greater risk of death within the following decade,”wrote Frieder R.Lang,a professor at the University of Erlangen?Nuremberg.
Lang and his colleagues believed that people who were pessimistic about their future may be more careful about their actions than people who expected a rosy future.
“Seeing a dark future may encourage positive evaluations of the actual self and may contribute to taking improved precautions (预防措施),”the authors wrote.
Surprisingly,compared with those in poor health or who had low incomes,respondents who enjoyed good health or income were associated with expecting a greater decline.Also,the researchers said that higher income was related to a greater risk of disability.
The authors of the study noted that there were limitations to their conclusions.Illness,medical treatment and personal loss could also have driven health outcomes.
However,the researchers said a pattern was clear.“We found that from early to late adulthood,individuals adapt their expectations of future life satisfaction from optimistic,to accurate,to pessimistic,”the authors concluded.
1.According to the study,who made the most accurate prediction of their future life satisfaction?
A.Optimistic adults.
B.Middle?aged adults.
C.Adults in poor health.
D.Adults of lower income.
2.Pessimism may be positive in some way because it causes people________.
A.to fully enjoy their present life
B.to estimate their contribution accurately
C.to take measures against potential risks
D.to value health more highly than wealth
3.How do people of higher income see their future?
A.They will earn less money.
B.They will become pessimistic.
C.They will suffer mental illness.
D.They will have less time to enjoy life.
4.What is the clear conclusion of the study?
A.Pessimism guarantees chances of survival.
B.Good financial condition leads to good health.
C.Medical treatment determines health outcomes.
D.Expectations of future life satisfaction decline with age.
1.B
2.C
3.A
4.D
【解析】德国的一项研究表明,与悲观者相比,对自己的未来过于乐观的人在未来10年更容易出现残疾或死亡。该研究还发现,年轻人组对自己未来生活的满意度的期望过高,中年人预测相对准确,而老年人往往低估自己未来生活的满意度。
1.
2.2】解析:选C。推理判断题。第六段说,Lang和他的同事认为,对自己未来悲观的人比乐天派对自己的日常行为更小心,第七段说,这样的人可能会采取预防措施(应对潜在的危险),因此选C项。
3.3】解析:选A。推理判断题。第八段说,与身体不好、收入不高的人相比,身体好或者收入高的受访者往往预料自己这两方面(好身体或高收入)将来会下降得更厉害,研究者说高收入往往与身体出现残疾的风险相联系,因此选A项。B项说他们将来会很悲观,而文章讲的是他们现在对将来的估计;C项说他们将来会出现精神疾病,而本段说的是这样的人群对将来的预计,觉得自己将来的身体和收入状况都会下降,因此B、C不对。
4.4】解析:选D。推理判断题。文章前几段提到不同年龄组对自己未来生活满意度的估计。从叙述看,年轻人太乐观,中年人较实际,老年人更悲观,看来对未来生活满意度的期望是随着年龄而递减的,最后一段也有明确的提示,因此选D项。
科目:高中英语 来源:2013-2014学年高考阅读理解全程冲刺训练(1)英语试卷(解析版) 题型:阅读理解
It is not often realized that women held a high place in southern European societies in the 10th and 11th centuries. As a wife, the woman was protected by the setting up of a dowry (嫁妆). Admittedly, the purpose of this was to protect her against the risk of desertion, but in reality its function in the social and family life of the time was much more important. The dowry was the wife’s right to receive a tenth of all her husband’s property. The wife had the right to with hold consent, in all transactions the husband would make, and more than just a right; the documents show that she enjoyed a real power of decision, equal to that of her husband. In no case do the documents indicate any degree of difference in the legal status of husband and wife.
The wife shared in the management of her husband’s personal property, but the opposite was not always true. Women seemed perfectly prepared to defend their own inheritance against husbands who tried to exceed their rights, and on occasion they showed a fine fighting spirit. A case in point is that of Maria Vivas. Having agreed with her husband Miro to sell a field she had inherited, for the needs of the household, she insisted on compensation. None being offered, she succeeded in dragging her husband to the scribe to have a contract duly drawn up assigning her a piece of land from Miro’s personal inheritance. The unfortunate husband was obliged to agree, as the contract says, “for the sake of peace.” Either through the dowry or through being hot-tempered, the wife knew how to win herself, with the context of the family, a powerful economic position.
1. Originally, the purpose of a dowry is to_________.
A give a woman the right to receive all her husband’s property
B help a woman to enjoy a higher position in the family
C protect a woman against the risk of desertion
D both A and C
2. According to the passage, the legal status of the wife in marriage was__________.
A higher than that of a single woman
B higher than that of her husband
C lower than that of her husband
D the same as that of her husband
3. Why does the author give us the example of Maria Vivas?
A To show that the wife shared in the management of her husband?s personal property.
B To show that the wife can defend her own inheritance.
C To prove that women have powerful position.
D To illustrate how women win her property.
4. The compensation Maria Vivas got for the field is____________.
A some of the land Miro had inherited
B a tenth of Miro’s land
C money for household expenses
D money form Miro’s inheritance
5.The author’s attitude towards Maria Vivas is_____________.
A sympathetic B disapproval C indifferent D objective
查看答案和解析>>
科目:高中英语 来源:2013-2014学年高考第二轮专题复习提分训练专题四形容词和副词英语试卷(解析版) 题型:单项填空
(2013·高考福建卷)The Forbidden City attracts a ________ stream of visitors every day,especially during national holidays.
A.constant B.main
C.powerful D.shallow
查看答案和解析>>
科目:高中英语 来源:2013-2014学年高考第二轮专题复习提分训练专题十并列连词和状语从句英语试卷(解析版) 题型:单项填空
(2013·高考重庆卷)________we have enough evidence,we can’t win the case.
A.Once B.As long as
C.Unless D.Since
查看答案和解析>>
科目:高中英语 来源:2013-2014学年高考第二轮专题复习提分训练专题十四细节理解英语试卷(解析版) 题型:阅读理解
According to sociologists(社会学家),every modern industrial society has some form of social stratification(阶层).Class,power and status are important in deciding people’s rank in society.
Class means a person’s economic position in society.A commonly used classification is lower class,middle class and upper class.While sociologists disagree on how these terms should be exactly defined,they do describe societies like the United States quite well.One study shows that 53% of Americans belong to the lower class,46% the middle class,and 1% the upper class.Interestingly,a surgeon earning $500,000 a year and a bus driver earning $50,000 a year both regard themselves as the middle class!
Power refers to the amount of control a person has over other people.Obviously,people in positions of great power (such as governors) exercise(行使)big power,but people who take orders from others have less power.Power and class do not always go hand in hand,however.For example,the governor of a state has great power,but he or she may not belong to a corresponding (相应的)economic class.Generally,however,there is a relationship between power and class.To our knowledge,there aren’t too many people who aren’t millionaires in the U.S.Senate!
Status is the honor or respect attached to a person’s position in society.It can also be affected by power and class,but not necessarily so.For example,a university professor may have a high status but not belong to a high social class or have a lot of power over others.
1.What can we learn about“the middle class”from Paragraph 2?
A.People earning $50,000 a year belong to the middle class.
B.Nearly half Americans belong to the middle class.
C.People generally consider bus drivers as the middle class.
D.Sociologists have a clear definition of the middle class.
2.According to the text,we know that________.
A.power and class do not always correspond with each other
B.status refers to a person’s economic position in society
C.people with high status have a lot of control over others
D.class is less important in deciding a person’s social rank
3..Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?
查看答案和解析>>
科目:高中英语 来源:2013-2014学年高考第二轮专题复习提分训练专题十四细节理解英语试卷(解析版) 题型:阅读理解
1.What is the colour of blood in a vein near the surface of the skin?
A.Blue. B.Light yellow.
C.Red. D.Dark reddish purple.
2.Why do some old people look a little shrunken as they age?
A.Because their spine is in active use.
B.Because they are more easily affected by gravity.
C.Because they keep growing backwards.
D.Because their spine becomes more bent.
3.Which of the following statements about our brain is true?
A.In the long run,our brain probably works harder than our heart.
B.When our brain senses the spinning,we will feel dizzy.
C.The brains of the other mammals are as complex as those of humans.
D.Our feelings and emotions come from the most developed area in our brain.
4.What is the main purpose of the selection?
A.To give advice on how to stay healthy.
B.To provide information about our body.
C.To challenge new findings in medical research.
D.To report the latest discoveries in medical science.
查看答案和解析>>
科目:高中英语 来源:2013-2014学年高考第二轮专题复习提分训练专题十六推理判断英语试卷(解析版) 题型:阅读理解
(2013·高考辽宁卷,D)“Indeed,”George Washington wrote in his diary in 1785,“some kind of fly,or bug,had begun to eat the leaves before I left home.”But the father of America was not the father of bug.When Washington wrote that,Englishmen had been referring to insects as bugs for more than a century,and Americans had already created lightning?bug(萤火虫).But the English were soon to stop using the bugs in their language,leaving it to the Americans to call a bug a bug in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
The American bug could also be a person,referring to someone who was crazy about a particular activity.Although fan became the usual term,sports fans used to be called racing bugs,baseball bugs,and the like.
Or the bug could be a small machine or object,for example,a bug?shaped car.The bug could also be a burglar alarm,from which comes the expression to bug,that is,“to install (安装) an alarm”.Now it means a small piece of equipment that people use for listening secretly to others’ conversations.Since the 1840s,to bug has long meant“to cheat”,and since the 1940s it has been annoying.
We also know the bug as a flaw in a computer program or other design.That meaning dates back to the time of Thomas Edison.In 1878 he explained bugs as“little problems and difficulties”that required months of study and labor to overcome in developing a successful product.In 1889 it was recorded that Edison“had been up the two previous nights discovering ‘a bug’ in his invented record player.”
1.We learn from Paragraph 1 that ________.
A.Americans had difficulty in learning to use the word bug
B.George Washington was the first person to call an insect a bug
C.the word bug was still popularly used in England in the nineteenth century
D.both Englishmen and Americans used the word bug in the eighteenth century
2.What does the word“flaw”in the last paragraph probably mean?
A.Explanation. B.Finding.
C.Origin. D.Fault.
3.The passage is mainly concerned with________.
A.the misunderstanding of the word bug
B.the development of the word bug
C.the public views of the word bug
D.the special characteristics of the word bug
查看答案和解析>>
科目:高中英语 来源:2013-2014学年高考第二轮专题复习提分训练专题十八观点态度英语试卷(解析版) 题型:阅读理解
It happened to me recently.I was telling someone how much I had enjoyed reading Barack Obama’s Dreams From My Father and how it had changed my views of our President.A friend I was talking to agreed with me that it was,in his words,“a brilliantly (精彩地)written book”.However,he then went on to talk about Mr Obama in a way which suggested he had no idea of his background at all.I sensed that I was talking to a book liar.
And it seems that my friend is not the only one.Approximately two thirds of people have lied about reading a book which they haven’t.In the World Book Day’s“Report on Guilty Secrets”,Dreams From My Father is at number 9.The report lists ten books,and various authors,which people have lied about reading,and as I’m not one to lie too often (I’d hate to be caught out),I’ll admit here and now that I haven’t read the entire top ten.But I am pleased to say that,unlike 42 percent of people,I have read the book at number one,George Orwell’s 1984.I think it’s really brilliant.
The World Book Day report also has some other interesting information in it.It says that many people lie about having read Jane Austen,Charles Dickens,Fyodor Dostoevsky (I haven’t read him,but haven’t lied about it either) and Herman Melville.
Asked why they lied,the most common reason was to“impress”someone they were speaking to.This could be tricky if the conversation became more in?depth!
But when asked which authors they actually enjoy,people named J.K.Rowling,John Grisham,Sophie Kinsella (ah,the big sellers,in other words).Forty?two percent of people asked admitted they turned to the back of the book to read the end before finishing the story (I’ll come clean:I do this and am astonished that 58 percent said they had never done so).
1.How did the author find his friend a book liar?
A.By judging his manner of speaking.
B.By looking into his background.
C.By mentioning a famous name.
D.By discussing the book itself.
2.Which of the following is a“guilty secret”according to the World Book Day report?
A.Charles Dickens is very low on the top?ten list.
B.42% of people pretended to have read 1984.
C.The author admitted having read 9 books.
D.Dreams From My Father is hardly read.
3.By lying about reading,a person hopes to________.
A.control the conversation
B.appear knowledgeable
C.learn about the book
D.make more friends
4..What is the author’s attitude to 58% of readers?
A.Favorable. B.Uncaring
C.Doubtful D.Friendly
查看答案和解析>>
湖北省互联网违法和不良信息举报平台 | 网上有害信息举报专区 | 电信诈骗举报专区 | 涉历史虚无主义有害信息举报专区 | 涉企侵权举报专区
违法和不良信息举报电话:027-86699610 举报邮箱:58377363@163.com