3．A study of more than five million books，both fiction and non-fiction，has found a marked decline in the use of emotional words over time．The researchers form the University of Bristol used Google Ngram Viewer，a facility for finding the frequency of terms in scanned books，to search for more than 600particular words identified as representing anger，dislike，fear，joy，sadness and surprise．
They found that almost all of the categories （类别） showed a drop in these"mood words"over time．Only in the category of fear was there an increase in usage．
"It is a steady and continuous decrease，"said Dr Alberto Acerbi．He assumed that the result might be explained by a change in the position occupied by literature，in a crowded media landscape．"One thing could be that in parallel to books the 20th century saw the start of other media．Maybe these media-movies，radio，drama-had more emotional content than books．"
Although both joy and sadness followed the general downwards trend，the research，published in the journal PLOS One，found that they also exhibited another interesting behaviour：the ratio （比率） between the two varied greatly，apparently mirroring historical events．
During the Roaring Twenties the joy-to-sadness ratio reached a peak that would not occur again until before the recent financial crash．But the ratio plunged at the height of the Second World War．Nevertheless，the researchers held a reserved opinion about their claim that their result reflected wider social trends．In the paper，they even argue that the reverse could be true．
"It has been suggested，for example，that it was the suppression （压抑） of desire in ordinary Elizabethan English life that increased demand for writing‘filled with romance and sex'…perhaps，"they conclude，"songs and books may not reflect the real population any more than catwalk models reflect the average body．"
（Note：Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS．）
81．A study of more than five million books indicated a decline in"mood words"over time exceptin the category of fear．
82．According to Dr Alberto Acerbi，one reason for the drop of"mood words"in books may be thatthe literary position has changed in a crowded media landscape/other media-movies，radio，drama-
had more emotional content．
83．What were the two periods when the joy-to-sadness ratio was at its highest？During the roaring Twenties and before the recent financial crash．
84．While the researchers found some changes in the use of"mood words"in books，they were
not sure thattheir research result reflected wider social trends/songs and books reflected the real population．
分析 文章大意：本篇文章是一篇关于文学作品中词汇用量研究的科普文．开篇首段即提出一个研究结论：在各种类型的书籍中，表达情感的词汇用量在下降．第二段对上文进行补充，强调单单表达恐惧的词汇用量呈上升趋势．紧接着第三段中给出了造成这种情绪词汇下降的原因--新媒体（电影、广播、戏剧）的崛起．第四、五、六段进一步探讨了新话题：表示快乐的词汇用量与表示悲伤的词汇用量这两者的比率，能间接反映出历史事件和历史趋势．
解答 81．in the category of fear．细节理解题．根据第二段的Only in the category of fear was there an increase in usage可知答案，意思是，只有害怕类别的词汇在使用上有所增加，
82．the literary position has changed in a crowded media landscape/other media-movies，radio，drama-had more emotional content． 细节理解题．根据第三段的He assumed that the result might be explained by a change in the position occupied by literature，in a crowded media landscape．可知答案．
83．During the roaring Twenties and before the recent financial crash．细节理解题．由题干关键词"joy-to-sadness ratio"定位至第五段首句，意为在"During the Roaring Twenties"比率达至顶峰，这种情形直到"before the recent financial crash"才又一次出现．所以"reached a peak"前面的主语与"until"后的内容即为所要求填写的内容，整合后答案是"During the Roaring Twenties and before the recent financial crash．"．
84．their research result reflected wider social trends/songs and books reflected the real population． 细节理解题．根据倒数第二段的the researchers held a reserved opinion about their claim that their result reflected wider social trends可知答案，其中reserved opinion指的是对…有保留意见
点评 阅读理解题目的题型是客观的，而阅读表达的题型则是主观的，这不仅需要考生将文章理解，还需要将自己对文章的理解通过自己的语言表达出来，而且要受到字数的限制．这就是说阅读理解只是要求学生将文章及题目中的信息理解了，就能作对题目，而阅读表达不仅要求学生理解文章和题目而且要把文章中的信息用自己的语言表达出来，是一种信息的输出．
