Cloze Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as "a bodily exercise precious to health." Laughter does _1_ short-term changes in cardiovascular(心血管的) function and respiration, boosting heart rate, respiratory rate and depth, as well as oxygen consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to last, a good guffaw(loud laugh)is unlikely to have _2 cardiovascular benefits the way walking or jogging does. _3_, instead of building up muscles, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the _4_. Studies _5_ back to the 1930s indicate that laughter _6_ muscles, decreasing muscle tone(肌肉紧张度) for up to 45 minutes after the guffaw subsides. Such physical relaxation might help _7_ psychological stress. After all, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of physical feedback that _8_ an individual's emotional state. _9_ one classical theory , our feelings are partially rooted in physical reactions. American psychologist William James and Danish physiologist Carl Lange argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry _10 they are sad but that they become sad when the tears begin to flow. Although sadness also goes before tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow from muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of W? rzburg in Germany and his colleagues asked volunteers to _11_ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile-or with their lips, which would produce a _12_ expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles _13_ more energetically to funny cartoons than those whose mouths were contracted in a frown(皱眉)did, suggesting that expressions may influence _14_ rather than just the other way around. _15_, the physical act of laughter could improve mood.
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Directions: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A-AC for each paragraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need.
Polynesians, but since the 1960s anyone and everyone can go surfing. 1. Surfing is more of a way of life for some people than simply a sport, and many spend their time travelling around the planet in search of the perfect wave. Typically, the average surfer is a relaxed type of person: they say it's something about the art of catching waves and being out in the elements that makes you feel very relaxed. Surfers greet each other by saying "Howzit?" (a bit like "How's it going?") and sometimes call each other "bru" or "brah" from the Hawaiian word for brother, "braddah". British surfers travel in WV camper vans and look a bit like hippiest. 2. Anywhere that has a coastline with big waves is home to surfers. Half of Australia's coastline is surfable so there are lots of Australian surfers. Hawaii is where the sport was invented and the current champion is Hawaiian Sunny Garcia. A lot of surfers also come from California and New Zealand. There are even surfers in the UK who hang out on the southwest coast where the Atlantic waves hit the shore. 3. Get a board. Most surfers start on short boards. Long boards and guns are only for experienced surfers catching huge waves. You also have to be a very strong swimmer: being able to swim at least 100 meters, and 25 meters underwater is required. 4. Beach breaks are waves which fall onto sand. They can be big, but are best if you are a beginner. Waves vary in size during different seasons and even at different times of the day, so watch out! Surfing can be dangerous and you need advice from someone experienced. More experienced surfers catch waves at point and reef breaks. They are away from the coast, and the swell comes deep from the ocean. Point breaks are waves bent because of the shape of the land beneath the ocean, and reef breaks are shaped by coral and rocks. 5. Surfing is a dangerous sport if you aren't a strong swimmer or if you try to do too much. The main thing most surfers have to worry about is their own board or other surfers' boards. Great white sharks, stingrays and deadly jellyfish are also not friendly to surfers, but actually running into one of these is quite rare. |
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