11.Of the many influences on human behavior,social influences are the most widespread.The main influence on people is people.When we hear the words social influence,most of us think of deliberate attempts of someone to persuade us to change our actions or opinions.The TV ad comes to mind.But many of the most important forms of social influence are unintentional,and some of the effects we humans have on one another occur as a result of the simple fact that we are in each other's physical presence.
In 1898a psychologist named Triplett made an interesting observation.In looking over speed records of bicycle racers,he noticed that better speed records were obtained when cyclists raced against each other than when they raced against the clock.This observation led Triplett to perform the first controlled laboratory experiment ever conducted in social psychology.He instructed children to turn a wheel as fast as possible for a certain period of time.Sometimes two children worked at the same time in the same room,each with his own wheel; at other times,they worked alone.The results confirmed his theory:Children worked faster in coaction,that is,when another child doing the same thing was present,than when they worked alone.
Soon after Triplett's experiment on coaction,it was discovered that the mere presence of a passive audience rather than a coactor was enough to help performance.This was discovered accidentally in an experiment on muscular (肌肉的) effort and tiredness by Meumann in 1904,who found that subjects lifted a weight faster and farther whenever the psychologist was in the room.Later experiments have confirmed this audience effect.
It appears that coaction and audience effects in humans are caused by the person's concerns about competition and the evaluation of performance that others will make.We learn as we grow up that others praise or criticize,reward or punish our performances,and this raises our drive level when we perform before others.Thus,even the early studies of coaction found that if all elements(要素)of competition are removed,coaction effects are greatly reduced.Similarly,audience effects are a function of the subject's interpretation of how much he is being evaluated.
63.Why does the writer mention"the TV ad"in Paragraph 1?D
A.To explain the importance.
B.To make a comparison.
C.To start a new topic.
D.To give an example.
64.According to the passage,Triplett's experiment of 1898A.
A.supported his idea of coaction effect
B.challenged his idea of coaction effect
C.showed children turned a wheel faster with audience around
D.proved cyclists race harder against each other than against the clock
65.According to the writer,which of the following would be an example of coaction effect?C
A.A woman works harder when the boss is in the room than when she is alone.
B.Joe works more slowly when he is together with friends than when he is alone.
C.Players work harder when they exercise together than when they each exercise alone.
D.Bob's two children finish their homework faster when he is watching than when he is not.
66.Which is the best title for the passage?B
A.Coaction Makes Faster
B.Social Influence
C.An Interesting Observation
D.Effect of Audience Presence.
分析 本文通过研究表明孩子们共同行动的时候做事情的速度要比单独做事时快,主要讲述社会对人类行为的影响.
解答 DACB
63 D 细节题. 根据文章第一 段When we hear the words social influence,most of us think of deliberate attempts of someone to persuade us to change our actions or opinions.The TV ad comes to mind. 可知当我们听到社会影响,大多数人会想到故意说服我们改变行为或观点的企图,最先想到的是电视广告,故选D.
64 A 细节题. 根据文章第二 段The results confirmed his theory:Children worked faster in coaction,that is,when another child doing the same thing was present,than when they worked alone.可知这个实验证实了他的理论,故选A实验支持他有关共同行动效应的理论.
65 C 细节题. 根据文章第二 段The results confirmed his theory:Children worked faster in coaction,that is,when another child doing the same thing was present,than when they worked alone.可知孩子们共同行动的时候做事情的速度要比单独做事时快,故选C运动员一块儿练习要比单独练习更刻苦.
66 B 主旨大意题. 通读全文可知本文主要讲述社会对人类行为的影响.故选B.
点评 做阅读理解时要快速的浏览全文,把握文章主旨大意,带着问题回到原文,寻找细节或概括相应的答案,最后要理清作者写作思路.