Question

请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。

注意：每个空格只填1个单词。

　　The world would have been so much better if we all knew to say and do the right thing at the right time．However, that is not the case, especially when it comes to instilling(逐步培养)proper behavior in kids．Behavior modification(BM)techniques were recently created to help in instilling proper behavior in children as well as adults．

　　Behavior modification refers to establishing appropreciate behaviors in individuals and discouraging those that are not desirable．Behavior modification techniques are developed largely according to the principles of operant conditioning by B．F．Skinner, an American behaviorist．These techniques are used in behavior modification therapy that aims to correct and instill appropreciate behavior in children．

　　The most commonly used behavior modification techniques are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement and punishment．Positive reinforcement refers to reinforcing a desired behavior through the process of rewarding it．This can be done by praising the individual as soon as he performs a desirable behavior．Negative reinforcement behavioral strategies are based on the removal of a negative consequence or a behavior because the desired behavior was performed．For example, letting a child not help in washing dishes because he behaved well at a family gathering is a form of negative reinforcement．Punishment is something that we all can relate to．Yes, it is just what it means．However, when put in words, punishment refers to subjecting(使服从于)an individual to a negative condition because of an inappropriate behavior．

　　The behavior modification techniques for children are mostly based on positive and negative reinforcement．However, parents should realize that these techniques can’t be relied upon totally for child behavior modification．Though the behavior modification techniques lead to quick results, a parent should continuously try to cultivate in his child the ability to appreciate the reason why such a behavior is expected of him．This can be done through effective communication and greater focus on the parent-child relationship．As a parent, don’t make the reward a monetary one．Try to make it look more like a privilege than a reward．

　　A parent should also be consistent with his technique and apply it whenever there is a chance so that the child gets a clear idea of what is expected and what is not．Although we talk so much about the role of a parent in bringing positive behavior modification in children,both parents and teachers have equally important roles to play．Teachers play their role through preventive classroom management, teaching social problem-solving skills like alternative thinking, and continuous monitoring of a child’s behavior．It is true that there are various behavior modification techniques available for encouraging proper behavior in children．However, there is nothing that can take the place of proper parenting and an affectionate environment．

Answer 1

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Definition　based　Purpose　Common　Removing　Punishment　effectively　Stick　teachers　deal/cope