The great mathematician John yon Neumann was one of the founders of game theory. In particular, he showed that all games fall into two classes: there is what he called games of “perfect information”, games like chess where the players can’t hide anything or play tricks: they don’t win by chance, but by means of logic and skills. Then there are games of “imperfect information”, like poker, in which it is impossible to know in advance that one course of action is better than another.
One mistaken idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse. Business, politics, life itself are games which we must normally play with very imperfect information. Business decisions are often made with many unknown and unknowable factors (因素) which would even puzzle(困惑) best poker players. But few business people find it comfortable to admit that they are taking a chance, and many still prefer to believe that they are playing chess, not poker.
1. The subject discussed in this text is ________.
A．the process of reaching decisions
B．the difference between poker and chess
C．the secret of making good business plans
D．the value of information in winning games
2. An important factor in a game of imperfect information is ________.
A．rules
B．luck
C．time
D．ideas
3. Which of the following can be used in place of “Quite the reverse”?
A．Quite right.
B．True enough.
C．Most unlikely.
D．Just the opposite.
4. In the writer’s opinion, when making business decisions one should ________.
A．put perfect information before imperfect information
B．accept the existence of unknown factors
C．regard business as a game of chess
D．mix known and unknown factors
科目：高中英语 来源：2011届湖北天门市高考模拟英语试卷（一） 题型：完型填空
One morning I wasted nearly an hour watching a tiny ant carry a huge feather. Several times, it 31 several obstacles in its path. And after a momentary pause it would make the necessary detour (绕道). 32 one point, the ant had to cross a crack about 10mm wide. After some 33
thoughts, the ant laid the feather over the crack, walked 34 it and picked the feather up on the other side, then continued on its way. I was 35 by the cleverness of this ant. It was only a
small insect, lacking in 36 yet equipped with a brain to reason, explore, discover and overcome. 37 this ant, like the othe
r two-legged creatures 38 on the earth, also shares human failings.
After some time the ant 39 reached its destination—a flower bed and a small hole that was the entrance to its 40 home. It was there that the ant met its 41 .How could that large feather possibly 42 such a small hole? Of course, it couldn’t. So the ant, after all this 43 and using great brightness, overcoming problems all along the way, just gave up the 44 and went home. The ant had not thought the problem through 45 it began its journey and in the end the feather was 46 more than a burden. Isn’t our 47 like that?
We worry about our families; we worry about the 48 of money; and we worry about all kinds of things. These are all burdens—the things we pick up along life’s path, and drag them around the obstacles and over the cracks that life will bring, only to 49 that at the destination they are
50 and we can’t take them with us.
【小题1】.
| A．brought about | B．got over | C．came across | D．dealt with |
| A．At | B．For | C．To | D．With |
| A．brave | B．tiring | C．magic | D．short |
| A．across | B．through | C．beside | D．behind |
| A．frightened | B．attracted | C．annoyed | D．satisfied |
| A．size | B．height | C．depth | D．length |
| A．Therefore | B．But | C．Moreover | D．Otherwise |
| A．working | B．sleeping | C．living | D．walking |
| A．probably | B．suddenly | C．easily | D．finally |
| A．underground | B．lonely | C．comfortable | D．big |
| A．partner | B．match | C．parent | D．friend |
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. before D. once| 【小题16】 |
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| 【小题17】 |
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科目：高中英语 来源：2012-2013学年甘肃省兰州一中高二下学期期中考试英语试卷（带解析） 题型：阅读理解
It’s a Friday night. Your girl friends are out at a bar and your boyfriend is playing soccer with his mates. Two text messages later, you’re eating pizza and watching action movies with three guy friends. Perfect.
“Guy friends” have the potential to enrich your life in ways that female friends and boyfriends just can’t. For starters, they provide an insider’s perspective on how men think, feel and behave. When dealing with male relatives, coworkers and even boyfriends, another man’s point of view can be incredibly useful. Three hours spent analyzing a situation in a café with your girlfriends can’t compete with a quick chat to a guy friend.
Many women find that time spent with male friends can be a liberating and somewhat refreshing break from spending time with the girls. Without the judgmental gaze of other females, there is less pressure to dress up and compete for attention.
Traditionally, girl-guy friendships are seen as hard to maintain. Most relationships between males and females that we come across in our day-to-day lives, whether in movies or books, are romantic by nature. These cultural images make girl-guy friendships seem impossible.
Yet in reality, as gender roles loosen and equality becomes a norm in the workplace, it has become much more common for platonic friendships to blossom.
“The belief that men and women can’t be friends comes from another era in which women were at home and men were in the workplace, and the only way they could get together was for romance,” explains psychologist Linda Sapadin to Psychology Today magazine. “Now they work together and share sports interests and socialize together.”
“My boyfriend has met all of my guy friends so he’s quite accepting of me hanging out with them,” says Nellie. “Because we’ve been dating so long, there’s a level of trust where he knows I will make the right decision when choosing who to be friends with.
“He understands that the kind of time that I spend differs between guys and girls. When I’m out with the girls, we’re gossiping or talking about clothes but when I’m spending time with the guys, it’s different. I think their carefree and ‘whatever goes’ attitude can sometimes be exactly what I need.”
【小题1】 What is the best title of the passage?
| A．Platonic friendship can be fun and liberating. |
| B．Platonic friendship can take the place of boy-or-girl friendship. |
| C．Man friendship is far more exciting than woman friendship. |
| D．Both man friendship and woman friendship are necessary forgirls. |
| A．are hard to maintain in modern society. |
| B．are impossible for most boys and girls. |
| C．are quite reasonable and thought highly of by most people. |
| D．are quite interesting and accepted by more and more and moregirls. |
| A．Becausemen were at home and women were in the workplace. |
| B．Becauseboth men and women are too shy to make friends. |
| C．Because they were hard to keep in touch and only bymarrying cantheystay in touch with each other. |
| D．Becausewomen were at home and men were in the workplace, and the only way they could get together was for friendship. |
| A．Her boyfriend enjoys she and her guy friend stay together. |
| B．When I’m out with the boys, we’re not gossiping or talking about clothes. |
| C．Sometimes whatmy guy friends giveisjustwhatI need. |
| D．My boyfriend trusts me so heaccepts my decision. |
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科目：高中英语 来源：2012-2013学年湖北省孝感高级中学高一下学期期中考试英语试卷（带解析） 题型：阅读理解
House buyers have three main choices: building from the ground up, moving into an old house or buying a new one. All the three are very different and should be considered carefully. Your budget will probably have the biggest effect on your choice. Comparing the three will help you make a good decision.
New houses are untouched and fresh, which means they can suit your personality and you know exactly where all of the materials come from. New houses won’t hold many unpleasant surprises, such as weak foundations, or other damaged areas. Most of these modern houses are also far more eco-friendly, with future decoration being just as easy to make and do as you like. Buying new houses is also a great way to save money, and you may find its benefit with the price going up in the future.
Some buildings, such as those that are rare or in certain areas, are of value over the years. Sometimes it is the history that draws more buyers into older houses. A famous person may have lived there, or an important event may have taken place in the house. This may not add any value to the house, but it can add to the attraction. There may be more repairs which will need to be done in the old houses,so before you think you’ve found a great bargain, be sure to get a careful inspection.
There are those who prefer building from the ground up. Building your own house can be a very rewarding, tiring, and expensive experience. While people have many expectations of planning and building their own houses, one thing is sure: it will take a while. There are always difficulties during construction, so you always find the construction time will be longer than your plan, not to mention the budget. Time can add up as well as materials and costs. Building is a good choice for those who are able and qualified.
【小题1】In Paragraph 2, the writer mainly tells readers _____.
| A．How to choose a good new house. |
| B．The benefits of buying a new house |
| C．Things to consider when they buy a house. |
| D．How to save money when they buy a new house. |
| A．Check whether the price is low |
| B．Check whether it is a rare house |
| C．Check carefully whether lots of repairs are needed |
| D．Check whether a famous person has lived in it |
| A．easy | B．costly |
| C．interesting | D．impossible |
| A．To encourage readers to build a house of their own |
| B．To explain why it is hard to decide what house to buy |
| C．To tell readers how to find a great bargain when they are buying a house |
| D．To help readers make a better decision when they are buying a house |
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科目：高中英语 来源：江苏省启东中学09-10学年度高一下学期模快练习 （三） 题型：阅读理解
四．阅读理解：
A
Professor Reason recently persuaded 35 people to keep a diary of all their absent-minded actions for two weeks. When he came to analyze(分析) their embarrassing errors , he was surprised to find that nearly all of them fell into a few groups .
One of the women, for instance, on leaving her house for work one morning threw her pet dog her ear-rings and tried to fix a dog biscuit on her ear. “ The explanation for this is that the brain is like a computer, ” explains the professor, “ People programme themselves to do certain activities regularly. It was the woman’s custom every morning to throw her dog two biscuits and then put on her ear-rings. But somehow the action got reversed(颠倒) in the programme .” About one in twenty of the incidents the volunteers reported were these “ programme assembly failures.”
Twenty per cent of all errors were “ test failures ”—primarily due to not verifying the progress of what the body was doing . A man about to get his car out of the garage passed through the back yard where his garden jacket and boots were kept , put them on —much to his surprise . A woman victim reported : “ I got into the bath with my socks on .”
The commonest problem was information “ storage failures”. People forgot the names of people whose faces they knew, went into a room and forgot why they were there, mislaid something, or smoked a cigarette without realizing it.
The research so far suggests that while the “ central processor” of the brain is liberated from second-to-second control of a well-practiced routine, it must repeatedly switch back its attention at important decision points to check that the action goes on as intended. Otherwise the activity may be “ captured ” by another frequently and recently used programme, resulting in embarrassing errors.
1. The purpose of Professor Reason’s research is .
A. to show the difference between men and women in their reasoning
B. to classify and explain some errors in human actions
C. to find the causes which lead to computer failures
D. to compare computer functions with brain workings .
2. Which of the following might be grouped under “ programme assembly failures ”?
A. A woman went into a shop and forgot what to buy.
B. A man returning home after work left his key in the lock.
C. A lady fell as she was concentrating on each step her feet were taking.
D. An old man, with his shoes on, was trying to put on his socks.
3. The word “ verifying ” in paragraph 3 can be replaced by .
A. improving B. changing C. checking D. stopping
4. According to the passage, the information “ storage failures ” refer to .
A. the destruction of information collecting system
B. the elimination of one’s total memory
C. the temporary loss of part of one’s memory
D. the separation of one’s action from consciousness
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科目：高中英语 来源：2010-2011河北衡水中学高二下学期期末考试英语试卷 题型：阅读理解
When other nine-year-old kids were playing games, she was working at a petrol station. When other teens were studying or going out, she struggled to find a place to sleep on the street. But she overcame these terrible setbacks to win a highly competitive scholarship and gain entry to Harvard University. And her amazing story has inspired a movie, “Homeless to Harvard：The Liz Murray Story” , shown in late April.
Liz Murray , a 22-- year-- old American girl, has been writing a real--life story of willpower and determination. Liz grew up in the shadow of two drug--addicted parents. There was never enough food or warm clothes in the house. Liz was the only member of the family who had a job. Her mother had AIDS and died when Liz was just 15 years old. The effect of that loss became a turning point in her life. Connecting the environment in which she had grown up with how her mother had died, she decided to do something about it.
Liz went back to school. She threw herself into her studies, never telling her teachers that she was homeless. At night, she lived on the streets. “What drove me to live on had something to do with understanding, My understanding was that there was a whole other way of being. I had only experienced a small part of society,” she wrote in her book Breaking Night.
She admitted that she used envy to drive herself on. She used the benefits that come easily to others, such as a safe living environment, to encourage herself that "next to nothing could hold me down". She finished high school in just two years and won a full scholarship to study at Harvard University. But Liz decided to leave her top university a couple of months earlier this year in order to take care of her father, who has also developed AIDS. "I love my parents so much. They are drug addicts. But I never forget that they love me all the time."
Liz wants moviegoers to come away with the idea that changing your life is "as simple as making a decision".
【小题1】 The word “setback” in the first paragraph most probably means___________?
| A．danger | B．difficulty | C．unhappiness | D．disaster |
| A．Liz’s Harvard Dream | B．Bitter Childhood of Liz |
| C．Liz’s Love for Her Parents | D．Liz’s Struggle for Her Life |
| A．Her parents’ addiction to drugs | B．Her mother’ s disease |
| C．Lack of food and clothes | D．Her mother’ s death |
| A．strong-- willed | B．envious | C．determined | D．respectful |
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