Question

【题目】Patients trust health professionals as a source of advice on behavior change. However, many health professionals dodge giving advice on that. They find traditional behavior change strategies (方法) time-consuming to explain. Besides, it’s difficult for the patient to achieve. Furthermore, even when patients successfully start the recommended changes，the gains are often short-lived because few of the traditional behavior change strategies have built-in mecha-nisms for maintenance (保持).

Meanwhile, brief advice is usually based on advising patients on what to change and why (for example, reducing fat intake lo reduce the risk of heart attack). Psychologically, such advice can be followed only if conscious motivation is engaged. However, the effects are typically short-Jived because motivation and attention will decline. Brief advice on how to change, engaging automatic processes, may offer a valuable alternative with potential for long-term influence— habit.

Within psychology, we define “habits” as actions that are caused automatically in response to reminders. These reminders have been associated with performances. For example, automatically washing hands after using the toilet. Decades of psychological research consistently show that mere repetition of a simple action in a consistent context leads to the action being activated upon .following exposure to those contextual cues (环境暗示). Once starting of the action goes to outside reminders, dependence on conscious attention or motivational processes is reduced. Therefore habits are likely to remain even after conscious motivation or interest disappears.

【1】Which word can best replace the underlined word “dodge” in Paragraph 1?

A. Risk. B. Avoid.

C. Appreciate. D. Admit.

【2】What plays the key role in patients’ taking advice?

A. Reasons to change. B. Ways to change.

C. Increasing attention. D. Intended motivation.

【3】What may help to keep habits after interest disappears?

A. Outside reminders. B. Mere repetition.

C. Conscious attention. D. Brief advice.

【4】What is the passage mainly about?

A. Motivation to form habits. B. Conflicts between patients and professionals.

C. Habits to change behavior. D. Advice from professionals to patients.

Answer 1

【答案】

【1】B

【2】D

【3】A

【4】C

【解析】文章先通过医患关系引出主题，然后再举了心理学上的一些理论以及生活中的一些例子，最后加强了观点，得出习惯可以改变行为的说法。

【1】词意猜测题。根据文中第一段的即 They find traditional behavior change strategies (方法) time-consuming to explain. Besides, it’s difficult for the patient to achieve他们发现传统的行为改变策略的解释很耗时，而且病人很难达到，所以他们应该回避，故选B。

【2】细节理解题。从文中第二段的 Psychologically, such advice can be followed only if conscious motivation is engaged可知只有当有意识的动机投入时，这些建议才能被遵循，所以是有意的动机才能让患者听取建议，故选D。

【3】细节理解题。从最后一段的 Once starting of the action goes to outside reminders, dependence on conscious attention or motivational processes is reduced. Therefore habits are likely to remain even after conscious motivation or interest disappears即一旦行动开始到外部提醒，依赖于有意识的注意或动机过程减少。因此，即使在有意识的动机或兴趣消失后，习惯还是会继续存在，可知外界可以帮助我们保持习惯，故选A。

【4】主旨大意题。从文中第三段的Within psychology, we define “habits” as actions that are caused automatically in response to reminders即在心理学中，我们将“习惯”定义为响应提醒而自动产生的动作，可知习惯可以改变我们的行为，故选C。