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12.Why won't the man go to college after graduation?
A.His grades aren't good enough.
B.He never wants to go to college.
C.His father asked him to work first.

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2.Rene Descartes'explanation of pain has long been acknowledged in medicine.He proposed that pain is a purely physical phenomenon-that tissue injury makes specific nerves send a signal to the brain,causing the mind to notice pain.The phenomenon,he said,is like pulling on a rope to ring a bell in the brain.It is hard to overstate how deeply fixed this account has become.In medicine,doctors see pain in Descartes'terms-as a physical process,a sing of tissue injury.
The limitations of this explanation,however,have been apparent for some time,since people with obvious injuries sometimes report feeling no pain at all.Later,researchers proposed that Descartes'model be replaced with what they called the gate control theory of pain.They argued that before pain signals reach the brain,they must first go through a gating mechanism in the spinal cord(脊髓).In some cases,this imaginary gate could simply step gain signals from getting to the brain.
Their most amazing suggestion was that what controlled the gate was not just signals from sensory nerves but also emotions and other"output"from the brain.They were saying that pulling on the rope need not make the bell ring.The bell itself-the mind-could stop it.This theory led to a great deal of research into how such factors as mood,gender,and beliefs influence the experience of pain.In a British study,for example,researchers measured pain threshold and tolerance levels in 53 ballet dancers and 53 university students by using a common measurement:after immersing your hand in body-temperature water for two mintues to establish a baseline condition,you put your hand in a bowl of ice water and start a clock running.You mark the time when it begins to hurt:that is your pain threshold.Then you mark the time when it hurts too much to keep your hand in the water:that is your pain tolerance.The test is always stopped at 120 seconds,to prevent injury.
The results were striking.On average female students reported pain at 16 seconds and pulled their hands out of the ice water at 37 seconds.Female dancers were almost three times as long on both counts.Men in both groups had a higher threshold and tolerance for pain,but the difference between mals dancers and mals nondancers was nearly as large.What explains that difference?Probably it has something to do with the psychology of ballet dancers-a group known for self-discipline,physical fitness,and competitiveness,as well as by a high rate of chronic(慢性)injury.Their driven personalities and competitive culture evidently accustom them to pain.Other studies along these lines have shown that outgoing people have greater pain tolerance and that,with training,one can reduce one's sensitivity to pain.
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    B.theoretical investigations are generally useless.
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