Braking and Stopping
Two important factors that influence the distance you take to stop a car are how quickly you react to danger and the speed at which you are traveling.
The average reaction time (from the time driver sees danger to when he/she applies the brakes) is two seconds. Reaction time is affected by the driver’s levels of tiredness, alcohol and concentration（集中注意力）.
Braking distance ( the distance travelled after the driver has applied the brakes) depends on factors such as your speed, type of brakes, type pressure and tread(车胎花纹), vehicle weight, wind speed, slope(坡度) of the road, surface smoothness and the driver’s braking technique.
Remember: As your speed doubles, your total stopping distance more than doubles.
At 60km/hr a vehicle will travel 34 meters while the driver is reacting to the danger, and another 21 meters before the car comes to a stop. Total stopping distance is 55 meters.
Total stopping distances shown in the graph are for vehicles with good brakes, on a dry smooth level road surface, and fitted with good tyres with the correct depth of tread.
53． If I am driving at 100 km/hr, my total stopping distance is about _____.
A. 58m B. 100m C. 56m D. 113m
54． If I am driving at 70 km/hr, the distance I travel after I apply the brakes is about ______.
A. 39m B. 28m C.70m D. 67m
55． If I am alert (警觉) and my car is in good condition, my total stopping distance will be ______ if I am tired and my car is in bad condition.
A. more than B. less than
C. the same as D. greater than
科目：高中英语 来源：2013届江苏南京学大教育专修学校高三月考英语卷（带解析） 题型：阅读理解
Today, bicycles are elegantly simple machines that are common around the world. Many people ride bicycles for recreation, whereas others use them as a means of transportation. The first bicycle was invented in Germany in 1818. Because it was made of wood, it wasn’t very strong nor did it have pedals (脚踏板）.Riders moved it by pushing their feet against the ground.
In 1839, Kirkpatrick Macmillan, a Scottish blacksmith, invented a much better bicycle. Macmillan’s machine had iron-covered wheels to keep them from getting worn down. He also used foot-operated levers, similar to pedals, so his bicycle could be ridden at a quick pace. It didn’t look much like the modem bicycle, though, because its back wheel was substantially larger than its front wheel. Although Macmillan’s bicycles could be ridden easily, they were never produced in large numbers.
In 1861, Frenchman Pierre Michaux and his brother Ernest invented a bicycle with an improved pedal mechanism. They called their bicycle a velocipede，but most people called it a “bone shaker” because of the effect of the wood and iron frame. Despite the impolite nickname, the velocipede was a hit. After a few years, the Michaux family was making hundreds of the machines annually, mostly for fun-seeking young people.
Ten years later, James Starley , an English inventor, made several innovations that revolutionized bicycle design. He made the front wheel many times larger than the back wheel, put a gear on the pedals to make the bicycle more efficient，and lightened the wheels by using wire spokes. Although this bicycle was much lighter and less tiring to ride, it was still clumsy, extremely top-heavy，and ridden mostly for entertainment.
It wasn’t until 1874 that the first truly modern bicycle appeared on the scene. Invented by another Englishman, H. J. Lawson, the safety bicycle would look familiar to today’s cyclists. The safety bicycle had equal-sized wheels, which made it easier to ride. Lawson also attached a chain to the pedals to drive the back wheel. By 1893，the safety bicycle had been further improved with air-filled rubber tires, a diamond-shaped frame, and easy braking. With the improvements provided by Lawson; bicycles became extremely popular and useful for transportation. Today, they are built, used, and enjoyed all over the world.
【小题1】This passage was most likely written in order to _____.
| A．compare bicycles used for different purposes |
| B．describe the problems early bicycle makers experienced |
| C．persuade readers to use bicycles for transportation |
| D．tell readers about the early history of the bicycle |
| A．add weight to the bicycle |
| B．make the bicycle easier to ride |
| C．allow the wheels to last longer |
| D．let the bicycle be more comfortable |
| A．Two hundred years ago，bicycles did not exist. |
| B．The first bicycle could be ridden at a very quick pace. |
| C．The Michaux brothers called their bicycle a “bone shaker”. |
| D．Macmillan’s machine had wheels with rubber tires. |
| A．importance | B．time | C．place | D．Interest |
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科目：高中英语 来源：2012-2013学年江苏南京学大教育专修学校高三月考英语卷（解析版） 题型：阅读理解
Today, bicycles are elegantly simple machines that are common around the world. Many people ride bicycles for recreation, whereas others use them as a means of transportation. The first bicycle was invented in Germany in 1818. Because it was made of wood, it wasn’t very strong nor did it have pedals (脚踏板）.Riders moved it by pushing their feet against the ground.
In 1839, Kirkpatrick Macmillan, a Scottish blacksmith, invented a much better bicycle. Macmillan’s machine had iron-covered wheels to keep them from getting worn down. He also used foot-operated levers, similar to pedals, so his bicycle could be ridden at a quick pace. It didn’t look much like the modem bicycle, though, because its back wheel was substantially larger than its front wheel. Although Macmillan’s bicycles could be ridden easily, they were never produced in large numbers.
In 1861, Frenchman Pierre Michaux and his brother Ernest invented a bicycle with an improved pedal mechanism. They called their bicycle a velocipede，but most people called it a “bone shaker” because of the effect of the wood and iron frame. Despite the impolite nickname, the velocipede was a hit. After a few years, the Michaux family was making hundreds of the machines annually, mostly for fun-seeking young people.
Ten years later, James Starley , an English inventor, made several innovations that revolutionized bicycle design. He made the front wheel many times larger than the back wheel, put a gear on the pedals to make the bicycle more efficient，and lightened the wheels by using wire spokes. Although this bicycle was much lighter and less tiring to ride, it was still clumsy, extremely top-heavy，and ridden mostly for entertainment.
It wasn’t until 1874 that the first truly modern bicycle appeared on the scene. Invented by another Englishman, H. J. Lawson, the safety bicycle would look familiar to today’s cyclists. The safety bicycle had equal-sized wheels, which made it easier to ride. Lawson also attached a chain to the pedals to drive the back wheel. By 1893，the safety bicycle had been further improved with air-filled rubber tires, a diamond-shaped frame, and easy braking. With the improvements provided by Lawson; bicycles became extremely popular and useful for transportation. Today, they are built, used, and enjoyed all over the world.
1.This passage was most likely written in order to _____.
A．compare bicycles used for different purposes
B．describe the problems early bicycle makers experienced
C．persuade readers to use bicycles for transportation
D．tell readers about the early history of the bicycle
2.Macmillan covered the wheels of his bicycle with iron to _____
A．add weight to the bicycle
B．make the bicycle easier to ride
C．allow the wheels to last longer
D．let the bicycle be more comfortable
3.Which of the following bicycle types was invented by James Starley?
4.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
A．Two hundred years ago，bicycles did not exist.
B．The first bicycle could be ridden at a very quick pace.
C．The Michaux brothers called their bicycle a “bone shaker”.
D．Macmillan’s machine had wheels with rubber tires.
5.The information about bicycles in this passage is arranged according to _____.
A．importance B．time C．place D．Interest
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科目：高中英语 来源：2010年孝感高一下学期期末考试英语卷 题型：阅读理解
The TV shows a baby’s pram (婴儿车) rolling off a train platform as the mother makes a mad rush to save her son, but she is too late and it falls onto the rails in front of an incoming train. This heart-stopping scene happened yesterday at Ashburton station in Melbourne, Australia. But the story has a happy ending: the six-month-old baby survived with just a cut on his forehead, although the pram was dragged about 35 metres by the braking train. The nurse Jon Wright said the boy just “needed a feed and a sleep” and didn’t need to stay in hospital.
“Luckily, he was strapped (绑) into his pram at the time, which probably saved his life. I think the child is extremely lucky, ” Wright told the Herald Sun newspaper after the baby was taken to hospital with minor injuries.
Fortunately the train was already slowing down to stop at the station so it stopped quickly when the driver put on the brakes as soon as he saw the pram fall in front of him. Rail firm Connex is to look into how the pram rolled off the platform. The accident came one day after Connex started a child safety awareness activity warning parents to keep babies strapped into their prams at all times while on platforms.
The accident happened at the same time as the “balloon boy ”story in the US, in which a six-year-old Colorado boy was reported to be trapped in a flyaway balloon. However, he was later found hiding in the family’s garage. Many people believe that it had all been a publicity stunt by the parents. No such doubts surround the baby on the train platform.
1.In the accident, the baby .
|
A．almost fell onto the rails |
|
B．needed to stay in hospital |
|
C．was badly injured by the train |
|
D．was pulled a long distance in the pram by the train |
2.The child was not killed most probably because .
|
A．the mother strapped him into his pram |
|
B．the platform is not very high |
|
C．he was well fed and asleep |
|
D．the mother rushed to save him |
3.Why could the train stop quickly?
|
A．Because it had just begun to move. |
|
B．Because it was moving slowly at that time. |
|
C．Because the mother took measures quickly. |
|
D．Because the driver saw the pram fall. |
4.The underlined word “stunt” in the last paragraph probably means .
|
A．something silly |
B．something funny |
|
C．something done to attract attention |
D．something done to avoid bad luck |
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科目：高中英语 来源：2010届湖南省长沙市四县市高三下学期3月调研考试英语试卷 题型：填空题
SECTION C
Directions: Complete the following passage by filling in each blank with one word that best fits the context.
Baby survives after train hits pram
The CCTV footage (片段）shows a baby’s pram (婴儿车)rolling off a train platform as the mother makes a mad rush to save her son, 48 she is too late and it falls 49 the rails in front of an incoming train. This heart-stopping scene happened yesterday at Ashburton station in Melbourne, Australia. But the story has a 50 ending: the six-month-old baby survived with just 51 cut on his forehead, although the pram was dragged about 35 meters by the braking train. The nurse Jon Wright said the boy just “needed a feed and a sleep”.
“Luckily, he was strapped (绑) into his pram at the time, which probably saved 52 life. I think the child is extremely 53 ,” Wright told the Herald Sun newspaper after the baby was taken to hospital with minor injuries. The footage shows the mother taking her hands off the three-wheeled pram, which begins to roll 54 the platform edge.
The driver put on the brakes 55 he saw the pram fall in front of him and fortunately the train was already slowing down to stop at the station. Rail firm Connex is to look into how the pram rolled off the platform. The accident came one day after Connex started a child safety awareness campaign warning parents to keep babies strapped into their prams at all times while on platforms.
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科目：高中英语 来源：20102011学年度江西省高二第一学期期末英语试卷 题型：阅读理解
Toyota is the world's largest automaker, but its road to success has been long and filled with speed bumps（颠簸）.
1958：The company's first foray into the American market was the Toyopet in 1958. It was a flop.
1964：Toyota introduced their Corona line of automobiles and sales hit 6, 400 in 1965,
marking an increase in popularity.
1969：Toyota began importing the Corolla and in 1985 it would become the first Toyota built in the U.S.
1975：Toyota surpassed the popular German brand Volkswagen to become the top import sold in the U.S.
1986：The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ordered its first recall of Toyota cars due to "speed control" problems.
1988：The First North American Toyota plant opened in Georgetown, Ky.
1989：Toyota introduced the Lexus LS 400, the company's first U.S. luxury car. It was a major hit.
1997：Toyota debuted their Prius gas-electric hybrid car.
2002：The first consumer complaints emerged of the Camry's engine surging under braking.
2004：The NHTSA opened a defect investigation into 2002-2003 Camry, Camry Solara and Lexus ES models.
2006：Toyota "Americanizes" and opened a new plant in Texas to build full-size pickups
2007：Toyota surpassed General Motors to become the world's largest automaker.
2007：The NHTSA investigated pedal entrapment in some Toyota vehicles, which led recalls of floor mats on Camry and Lexus models.
2007：The NHTSA investigated pedal entrapment in some Toyota vehicles, which led recalls of floor mats on Camry and Lexus models.
Aug. 2009：An off-duty California Highway Patrol officer and three family members were killed when their rental 2009 Lexus ES speeds out of control.
Nov. 2009：Toyota recalled 3.8 million Lexus and Toyota models to remove floor mats that can trap pedals.
Jan. 2010：Toyota recalled approximately 2.3 million more vehicles with potential sticking pedal problems. On Jan. 26, Toyota stopped selling eight models involved in the recall.
Feb. 2010：Prius and Lexus hybrids are now being recalled for brake problems in 2010 models.
1.Which of the following brands belong to Toyota family？
A. Toyopet, Volkswagen, Lexus, Prius
B. Camry, Prius, Lexus, Georgetown
C. Corona, Prius, Lexus, Corolla
D. General Motors, Lexus, Camry, Corolla
2.The underlined the word in Para.6 probably means:
A. appreciation B. sorrow C. withdrawal D. resolve
3. We can infer from the passage that____________
A. Lexus LS 400 is a cheaper car
B. Prius may be a kind of environmentally friendly car
C. Corona became popular as soon as introduced to the US
D. Toyota’s plant opened in Georgetown symbolized its “Americanize” tactics
4. The purpose of this passage is to
A. advertise for Toyota
B. introduce Toyota’ s struggle in the US
C. uncover Toyota’s braking problems
D. display Toyota’s glory
5.What is the best title of the passage?
A. The world’s largest automaker B. The rise of Toyota
C. Toyota meeting problems in the US D. Toyota’s failure in the US
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