13．Chimps（黑猩猩） will cooperate in certain ways，like gathering in war parties to protect their territory．But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings，they have little instinct （本能） to help one another．Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves．Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children．who are able from a young age to gather their own food．
In the laboratory，chimps don't naturally share food either．If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or，with no great effort，a plate that also provides food for a neighbor to the next cage，he will pull at random---he just doesn't care whether his neighbor gets fed or not．Chimps are truly selfish．
Human children，on the other hand are extremely cooperative．From the earliest ages，they decide to help others，to share information and to participate in achieving common goals．The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children．He finds that if babies aged 18months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door，almost all will immediately try to help．
There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help，inform and share are not taught．but naturally possessed in young children．One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train children to behave socially．Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded．A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive（认知的）skills，at least when compared with chimps．In tests conducted by Tomtasell，the children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests，but were considerably better at understanding the social world
The core of what children's minds have and chimps'don't is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality．Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking．But beyond that，even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose．They actively seek to be part of a"we"，a group that intends to work toward a shared goal．
33．What can we learn from the experiment with chimps？A
A．Chimps seldom care about others'interests．
B．Chimps tend to provide food for their children．
C．Chimps like to take in their neighbors'food．
D．Chimps naturally share food with each other．
34．Michael Tomasello's tests on young children indicate that theyA．
A．have the instinct to help others
B．know how to offer help to adults
C．know the world better than chimps
D．trust adults with their hands full
35．The passage is mainly aboutC．
A．the helping behaviors of young children
B．ways to train children's shared intentionality
C．cooperation as a distinctive human nature
D．the development of intelligence in children．
分析 作者从猩猩的自私行为导入到人类无私帮助他人的本能，分析了人类愿意帮助他人、愿意与他人合作的本能天性的原因．
解答 33-35 A A C
33 A 根据第一段第二句"But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings，they have little instinct to help one another"以及第二段最后两句"he just doesn't care whether his neighbor gets fed or not．Chimps are truly selfish"可知，黑猩猩基本不在意其他猩猩的利益，A项正确．B项，"黑猩猩往往会给自己的孩子提供食物"，由第一段第三四句"Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves．Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children"可知，黑猩猩也会拒绝和自己的孩子分享食物，B项错误；C项，"黑猩猩喜欢骗它们邻居的食物"，文章未提及，C项错误；D项，"黑猩猩会自发地相互分享食物"，根据第一段三四句"Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves．Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children"可知，黑猩猩只会为自己找食物，甚至母猩猩都不会给自己孩子分享食物，D项错误．故正确答案为A．
34 A 细节题．根据第三段第一句"Human children，on the other hand，are naturally cooperative．From the earliest ages，they desire to help others，to share information and to participate in achieving common goals"可知，人类小孩在很小的时候会很想要帮助他人，根据第四段第二句"One is that these instincts appear at a very young age"可知，这是一种在很小的时候的本能，即小孩有一种想帮助他人的本能，A项正确．B项，"知道怎样对成年人提供帮助"，文章未提及，B项错误；C项，"比黑猩猩对世界更有了解"，根据第四段最后一句"the children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world"可知，小孩在理解社会世界上做得更好，但在理解物质世界时并没有比猩猩更好，C项错误；D项，"相信两手都被占满的成年人"，文章未提及，D项错误．故正确答案为A．
35 C 主旨题．第一段谈论了黑猩猩在一定程度上有合作行为，但除了那些很基本的合作行为外，他们基本没有帮助他人的本能．第二段描述了即使在实验室条件下，猩猩们也不会自发分享食物．第三段谈论人类小孩却和猩猩不同，他们有自发的合作本能．第四段谈论了认为小孩想要去帮助和分享的强烈欲望不是被教会的，而是小孩自发拥有的几个原因．最后一段讨论了 Tomasello 称之为分享意图的这一概念．可知，整篇文章主要是在谈论合作，这种人类与众不同的天性，C项正确．A项意为"小孩的帮助行为"，B项意为"训练小孩的分享意图的方法"，D项意为"小孩智力的发展"，均不符合文意．故正确答案为C．
点评 考察学生的细节理解和推理判断能力，做细节理解题时一定要找到文章中的原句，和题干进行比较，再做出正确的选择．在做推理判断题不要以个人的主观想象代替文章的事实，要根据文章事实进行合乎逻辑的推理判断．
