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    People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.

    Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as “nature or nurture（养育）”.

    Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.

    Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is pre – determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts（本能）.

                                         , that is, they advocate education, are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically – based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli（刺激）as the basis of their behavior.

    Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic, intelligence, offered by the two theories. Supporters of the “nature” theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say, they don’t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand，behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.

    1．What is the best title of the passage? （Please answer within 10 words.）

                                                                                           

                                                                                                

    2．Which sentence in the passage can be replaced by the following one?

    However, those who support the “nurture” theory maintain that it is people’s experiences that determine how clever they are.

                                                                                           

                                                                                          

    3．Please fill in the blank in the 5th paragraph with proper words or phrases to complete the sentence.（Please answer within 10 words）

                                                                                           

                                                                                          

    4．Are you one the “nature” side or on the “nurture” side? Why? （Please answer within 30 words.）

                                                                                           

                                                                                          

    5．Translate the underlined sentence in the first paragraph into Chinese.

                                                                                           

                                                                                         

    1． Nature or Nurture?

    2． On the other hand, behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences.

    3． Those who support the “nurture” theory/ Those who support the “nurture” side of the conflict

    4． I’m on the “nurture” side. Stories of the “wolf children” were enough evidence to prove that the environment had great influence on man’s abilities, characteristics and behavior.

    I’m on the “nature” side. Some people are born intelligent, like Albert Einstein. Others are born ordinary: however good an education they receive, they can’t become great scientists.

    5． 这一理论的核心是：如果说环境对我们的能力、性格、和行为有点儿联系的话，也是微不足道的。

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